# HG changeset patch # User Richard Sailer # Date 1543899373 -3600 # Tue Dec 04 05:56:13 2018 +0100 # Node ID 897483c6c8ad3e2ab8dae5d1c5bc7724d9aad9b5 # Parent 79acdbc949f656880b2f6e0e1f36d77d5946e9b8 virtual-net-device: Simplify tunnel example to one direct tunnel diff -r 79acdbc949f6 -r 897483c6c8ad src/virtual-net-device/examples/direct-tunnel.cc --- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/src/virtual-net-device/examples/direct-tunnel.cc Tue Dec 04 05:56:13 2018 +0100 @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ +/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */ +/* + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as + * published by the Free Software Foundation; + * + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + * GNU General Public License for more details. + * + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + */ + +// Network topology +// +// +// 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 +// +// n0-------------n1--------------n2 +// ============================ +// Tunnel n0 <=> n2 +// +// - The Tunnel class adds virtual interfaces to n0 and n2, +// with inner tunnel IP adresses 11.0.0.1 (n0) and 11.0.0.2 (n2) +// - For n0 and n2 these interfaces behave like connected to a direct link (tunnel) to each other +// - n0 has installed an application sending UDP traffic to n2, via the tunnel, using inner-tunnel IP adresses +// - On a lower level, these interfaces use UDP sockets to encapsulate their packets and send them +// via the regular Point-to-Point interface. However, n1 only sees a regular UDP packet. +// +// Note: here we create a tunnel where IP packets are tunneled over +// UDP/IP, but tunneling directly IP-over-IP would also be possible; +// see src/node/ipv4-raw-socket-factory.h. + + + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include "ns3/core-module.h" +#include "ns3/network-module.h" +#include "ns3/internet-module.h" +#include "ns3/point-to-point-module.h" +#include "ns3/applications-module.h" +#include "ns3/virtual-net-device.h" +#include "ns3/ipv4-global-routing-helper.h" + +using namespace ns3; + +NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("VirtualNetDeviceExample"); + +class Tunnel +{ + Ptr m_n0Socket; + Ptr m_n2Socket; + Ipv4Address m_n0Address; + Ipv4Address m_n2Address; + Ptr m_n0Tap; + Ptr m_n2Tap; + + + bool + N0VirtualSend (Ptr packet, const Address& source, const Address& dest, uint16_t protocolNumber) + { + NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Send to " << m_n2Address << ": " << *packet); + m_n0Socket->SendTo (packet, 0, InetSocketAddress (m_n2Address, 667)); + return true; + } + + bool + N2VirtualSend (Ptr packet, const Address& source, const Address& dest, uint16_t protocolNumber) + { + NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Send to " << m_n0Address << ": " << *packet); + m_n2Socket->SendTo (packet, 0, InetSocketAddress (m_n0Address, 667)); + return true; + } + + void N0SocketRecv (Ptr socket) + { + Ptr packet = socket->Recv (65535, 0); + NS_LOG_DEBUG ("N0SocketRecv: " << *packet); + m_n0Tap->Receive (packet, 0x0800, m_n0Tap->GetAddress (), m_n0Tap->GetAddress (), NetDevice::PACKET_HOST); + } + + void N2SocketRecv (Ptr socket) + { + Ptr packet = socket->Recv (65535, 0); + NS_LOG_DEBUG ("N1SocketRecv: " << *packet); + m_n2Tap->Receive (packet, 0x0800, m_n2Tap->GetAddress (), m_n2Tap->GetAddress (), NetDevice::PACKET_HOST); + } + +public: + + Tunnel (Ptr n0, Ptr n2, + Ipv4Address n0Addr, Ipv4Address n2Addr) + : m_n0Address (n0Addr), m_n2Address (n2Addr) + { + m_n0Socket = Socket::CreateSocket (n0, TypeId::LookupByName ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); + m_n0Socket->Bind (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 667)); + m_n0Socket->SetRecvCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N0SocketRecv, this)); + + m_n2Socket = Socket::CreateSocket (n2, TypeId::LookupByName ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); + m_n2Socket->Bind (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 667)); + m_n2Socket->SetRecvCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N2SocketRecv, this)); + + // n0 tap device + m_n0Tap = CreateObject (); + m_n0Tap->SetAddress (Mac48Address ("11:00:01:02:03:01")); + m_n0Tap->SetSendCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N0VirtualSend, this)); + n0->AddDevice (m_n0Tap); + Ptr ipv4 = n0->GetObject (); + uint32_t interface_id = ipv4->AddInterface (m_n0Tap); + ipv4->AddAddress (interface_id, Ipv4InterfaceAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.1"), Ipv4Mask ("255.255.255.0"))); + ipv4->SetUp (interface_id); + + // n2 tap device + m_n2Tap = CreateObject (); + m_n2Tap->SetAddress (Mac48Address ("11:00:01:02:03:02")); + m_n2Tap->SetSendCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N2VirtualSend, this)); + n2->AddDevice (m_n2Tap); + ipv4 = n2->GetObject (); + interface_id = ipv4->AddInterface (m_n2Tap); + ipv4->AddAddress (interface_id, Ipv4InterfaceAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.2"), Ipv4Mask ("255.255.255.0"))); + ipv4->SetUp (interface_id); + + } + + +}; + + + +int +main (int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + // Users may find it convenient to turn on explicit logging + // for selected modules; the below lines suggest how to do this +#if 0 + LogComponentEnable ("VirtualNetDeviceExample", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); +#endif + Packet::EnablePrinting (); + + /* :::: Step 1: Setup Config values ::::::*/ + + // Set up some default values for the simulation. Use the + Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::PacketSize", UintegerValue (210)); + Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::DataRate", StringValue ("448kb/s")); + + // Allow the user to override any of the defaults via command-line arguments + CommandLine cmd; + cmd.Parse (argc, argv); + + /* :::::: Step 2: Setup nodes and Channels ::::::: */ + NS_LOG_INFO ("Create nodes."); + NodeContainer nodes; + nodes.Create (3); + NodeContainer n0n1 = NodeContainer (nodes.Get (0), nodes.Get (1)); + NodeContainer n1n2 = NodeContainer (nodes.Get (1), nodes.Get (2)); + + InternetStackHelper internet; + internet.Install (nodes); + + // We create the channels first without any IP addressing information + NS_LOG_INFO ("Create channels."); + PointToPointHelper p2p; + p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("50Mbps")); + p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", StringValue ("20ms")); + NetDeviceContainer d0d1 = p2p.Install (n0n1); + NetDeviceContainer d1d2 = p2p.Install (n1n2); + + /* ::::: Step 3: Setup IP adresses and Routing :::::: */ + NS_LOG_INFO ("Assign IP Addresses."); + Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4; + ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.1.0", "255.255.255.0"); + Ipv4InterfaceContainer i0i1 = ipv4.Assign (d0d1); + + ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.2.0", "255.255.255.0"); + Ipv4InterfaceContainer i1i2 = ipv4.Assign (d1d2); + + // Set up the routing tables in the nodes. + Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper::PopulateRoutingTables (); + + /* ::::::: Step 4: Setup the tunnel ::::::::: */ + + Tunnel tunnel (nodes.Get (0), nodes.Get (2), + i0i1.GetAddress (0), i1i2.GetAddress (1)); + + /* ::::: Optional Step 4.5: For Using tunnel for a VPN or internet gateway: Setup routing tables */ + // If you intend to simulate a VPN or internet gateway with this tunnel you need to adapt the routing tables: + // 1. You have to add a route to the servers network via the tunnel to the "VPN client" tunnel side routing table + // 2. You have to add a route to the "clients" network via the tunnel to the VPN server tunnel side routing table + + // The following is an rough example how to do this, of course your specifics may vary + + // Ipv4StaticRoutingHelper ipv4RoutingHelper; + // Ptr n0_IPv4_module = nodes.Get(0)->GetObject(); + // Ptr n2_routing_table = ipv4RoutingHelper.GetStaticRouting(n0_IPv4_module); + // n2_routing_table->AddNetworkRouteTo( Ipv4Address(""), Ipv4Mask("255.255.255.0"), Ipv4Address("11.0.0.2"), 1, 0); + + // Ptr n2_IPv4_module = nodes.Get(2)->GetObject(); + // Ptr n2_routing_table = ipv4RoutingHelper.GetStaticRouting(n2_IPv4_module); + // n2_routing_table->AddNetworkRouteTo( Ipv4Address(""), Ipv4Mask("255.255.255.0"), Ipv4Address("11.0.0.1"), 1, 0); + + + /* ::::::: Step 5: Setup applications ::::::: */ + + // Create the OnOff application on n0 to send UDP datagrams of size + // 210 bytes at a rate of 448 Kb/s to n2 + NS_LOG_INFO ("Create Applications."); + uint16_t port = 9; // Discard port (RFC 863) + OnOffHelper onoff ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", // send to n2 via tunnel (use inner tunnel-ip) + Address (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.2"), port))); + onoff.SetConstantRate (DataRate ("448kb/s")); + ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install (nodes.Get (0)); + apps.Start (Seconds (1.0)); + apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0)); + + // Create a packet sink on n2 to receive these packets + PacketSinkHelper sink ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", + Address (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), port))); + apps = sink.Install (nodes.Get (2)); + apps.Start (Seconds (1.0)); + apps.Stop (Seconds(10)); + + /* :::: Step 6: Setup tracing and start simulation engine :::::: */ + AsciiTraceHelper ascii; + p2p.EnableAsciiAll (ascii.CreateFileStream ("direct-tunnel.tr")); + // p2p.EnablePcapAll ("direct-tunnel"); // optional pcap capturing + + NS_LOG_INFO ("Run Simulation."); + Simulator::Run (); + Simulator::Destroy (); + NS_LOG_INFO ("Done."); + + return 0; +} diff -r 79acdbc949f6 -r 897483c6c8ad src/virtual-net-device/examples/virtual-net-device.cc --- a/src/virtual-net-device/examples/virtual-net-device.cc Mon Dec 03 18:04:57 2018 -0800 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,287 +0,0 @@ -/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */ -/* - * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as - * published by the Free Software Foundation; - * - * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - * GNU General Public License for more details. - * - * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - * - * Based on simple-global-routing.cc - * The Tunnel class adds two tunnels, n0<=>n3 and n1<=>n3 - */ - -// Network topology -// -// n0 -// \ 5 Mb/s, 2ms -// \ 1.5Mb/s, 10ms -// n2 -------------------------n3 -// / -// / 5 Mb/s, 2ms -// n1 -// -// - all links are point-to-point links with indicated one-way BW/delay -// - Tracing of queues and packet receptions to file "virtual-net-device.tr" - -// Tunneling changes (relative to the simple-global-routing example): -// - n0 will receive an extra virtual interface with hardcoded inner-tunnel address 11.0.0.1 -// - n1 will also receive an extra virtual interface with the same inner-tunnel address 11.0.0.1 -// - n3 will receive an extra virtual interface with inner-tunnel address 11.0.0.254 -// - The flows will be between 11.0.0.x (inner-tunnel) addresses instead of 10.1.x.y ones -// - n3 will decide, on a per-packet basis, via random number, whether to -// send the packet to n0 or to n1. -// -// Note: here we create a tunnel where IP packets are tunneled over -// UDP/IP, but tunneling directly IP-over-IP would also be possible; -// see src/node/ipv4-raw-socket-factory.h. - -#include -#include -#include -#include - -#include "ns3/core-module.h" -#include "ns3/network-module.h" -#include "ns3/internet-module.h" -#include "ns3/point-to-point-module.h" -#include "ns3/applications-module.h" -#include "ns3/virtual-net-device.h" - -using namespace ns3; - -NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("VirtualNetDeviceExample"); - -class Tunnel -{ - Ptr m_n3Socket; - Ptr m_n0Socket; - Ptr m_n1Socket; - Ipv4Address m_n3Address; - Ipv4Address m_n0Address; - Ipv4Address m_n1Address; - Ptr m_rng; - Ptr m_n0Tap; - Ptr m_n1Tap; - Ptr m_n3Tap; - - - bool - N0VirtualSend (Ptr packet, const Address& source, const Address& dest, uint16_t protocolNumber) - { - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Send to " << m_n3Address << ": " << *packet); - m_n0Socket->SendTo (packet, 0, InetSocketAddress (m_n3Address, 667)); - return true; - } - - bool - N1VirtualSend (Ptr packet, const Address& source, const Address& dest, uint16_t protocolNumber) - { - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Send to " << m_n3Address << ": " << *packet); - m_n1Socket->SendTo (packet, 0, InetSocketAddress (m_n3Address, 667)); - return true; - } - - bool - N3VirtualSend (Ptr packet, const Address& source, const Address& dest, uint16_t protocolNumber) - { - if (m_rng->GetValue () < 0.25) - { - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Send to " << m_n0Address << ": " << *packet); - m_n3Socket->SendTo (packet, 0, InetSocketAddress (m_n0Address, 667)); - } - else - { - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Send to " << m_n1Address << ": " << *packet); - m_n3Socket->SendTo (packet, 0, InetSocketAddress (m_n1Address, 667)); - } - return true; - } - - void N3SocketRecv (Ptr socket) - { - Ptr packet = socket->Recv (65535, 0); - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("N3SocketRecv: " << *packet); - m_n3Tap->Receive (packet, 0x0800, m_n3Tap->GetAddress (), m_n3Tap->GetAddress (), NetDevice::PACKET_HOST); - } - - void N0SocketRecv (Ptr socket) - { - Ptr packet = socket->Recv (65535, 0); - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("N0SocketRecv: " << *packet); - m_n0Tap->Receive (packet, 0x0800, m_n0Tap->GetAddress (), m_n0Tap->GetAddress (), NetDevice::PACKET_HOST); - } - - void N1SocketRecv (Ptr socket) - { - Ptr packet = socket->Recv (65535, 0); - NS_LOG_DEBUG ("N1SocketRecv: " << *packet); - m_n1Tap->Receive (packet, 0x0800, m_n1Tap->GetAddress (), m_n1Tap->GetAddress (), NetDevice::PACKET_HOST); - } - -public: - - Tunnel (Ptr n3, Ptr n0, Ptr n1, - Ipv4Address n3Addr, Ipv4Address n0Addr, Ipv4Address n1Addr) - : m_n3Address (n3Addr), m_n0Address (n0Addr), m_n1Address (n1Addr) - { - m_rng = CreateObject (); - m_n3Socket = Socket::CreateSocket (n3, TypeId::LookupByName ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); - m_n3Socket->Bind (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 667)); - m_n3Socket->SetRecvCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N3SocketRecv, this)); - - m_n0Socket = Socket::CreateSocket (n0, TypeId::LookupByName ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); - m_n0Socket->Bind (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 667)); - m_n0Socket->SetRecvCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N0SocketRecv, this)); - - m_n1Socket = Socket::CreateSocket (n1, TypeId::LookupByName ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); - m_n1Socket->Bind (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 667)); - m_n1Socket->SetRecvCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N1SocketRecv, this)); - - // n0 tap device - m_n0Tap = CreateObject (); - m_n0Tap->SetAddress (Mac48Address ("11:00:01:02:03:01")); - m_n0Tap->SetSendCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N0VirtualSend, this)); - n0->AddDevice (m_n0Tap); - Ptr ipv4 = n0->GetObject (); - uint32_t i = ipv4->AddInterface (m_n0Tap); - ipv4->AddAddress (i, Ipv4InterfaceAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.1"), Ipv4Mask ("255.255.255.0"))); - ipv4->SetUp (i); - - // n1 tap device - m_n1Tap = CreateObject (); - m_n1Tap->SetAddress (Mac48Address ("11:00:01:02:03:02")); - m_n1Tap->SetSendCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N1VirtualSend, this)); - n1->AddDevice (m_n1Tap); - ipv4 = n1->GetObject (); - i = ipv4->AddInterface (m_n1Tap); - ipv4->AddAddress (i, Ipv4InterfaceAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.1"), Ipv4Mask ("255.255.255.0"))); - ipv4->SetUp (i); - - // n3 tap device - m_n3Tap = CreateObject (); - m_n3Tap->SetAddress (Mac48Address ("11:00:01:02:03:04")); - m_n3Tap->SetSendCallback (MakeCallback (&Tunnel::N3VirtualSend, this)); - n3->AddDevice (m_n3Tap); - ipv4 = n3->GetObject (); - i = ipv4->AddInterface (m_n3Tap); - ipv4->AddAddress (i, Ipv4InterfaceAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.254"), Ipv4Mask ("255.255.255.0"))); - ipv4->SetUp (i); - - } - - -}; - - - -int -main (int argc, char *argv[]) -{ - // Users may find it convenient to turn on explicit logging - // for selected modules; the below lines suggest how to do this -#if 0 - LogComponentEnable ("VirtualNetDeviceExample", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); -#endif - Packet::EnablePrinting (); - - - // Set up some default values for the simulation. Use the - Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::PacketSize", UintegerValue (210)); - Config::SetDefault ("ns3::OnOffApplication::DataRate", StringValue ("448kb/s")); - - // Allow the user to override any of the defaults and the above - // Config::SetDefault ()s at run-time, via command-line arguments - CommandLine cmd; - cmd.Parse (argc, argv); - - NS_LOG_INFO ("Create nodes."); - NodeContainer c; - c.Create (4); - NodeContainer n0n2 = NodeContainer (c.Get (0), c.Get (2)); - NodeContainer n1n2 = NodeContainer (c.Get (1), c.Get (2)); - NodeContainer n3n2 = NodeContainer (c.Get (3), c.Get (2)); - - InternetStackHelper internet; - internet.Install (c); - - // We create the channels first without any IP addressing information - NS_LOG_INFO ("Create channels."); - PointToPointHelper p2p; - p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("5Mbps")); - p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", StringValue ("2ms")); - NetDeviceContainer d0d2 = p2p.Install (n0n2); - - NetDeviceContainer d1d2 = p2p.Install (n1n2); - - p2p.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("1500kbps")); - p2p.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", StringValue ("10ms")); - NetDeviceContainer d3d2 = p2p.Install (n3n2); - - // Later, we add IP addresses. - NS_LOG_INFO ("Assign IP Addresses."); - Ipv4AddressHelper ipv4; - ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.1.0", "255.255.255.0"); - Ipv4InterfaceContainer i0i2 = ipv4.Assign (d0d2); - - ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.2.0", "255.255.255.0"); - Ipv4InterfaceContainer i1i2 = ipv4.Assign (d1d2); - - ipv4.SetBase ("10.1.3.0", "255.255.255.0"); - Ipv4InterfaceContainer i3i2 = ipv4.Assign (d3d2); - - // Create router nodes, initialize routing database and set up the routing - // tables in the nodes. - Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper::PopulateRoutingTables (); - - // Add the tunnels n0<=>n3 and n1<=>n3 - Tunnel tunnel (c.Get (3), c.Get (0), c.Get (1), - i3i2.GetAddress (0), i0i2.GetAddress (0), i1i2.GetAddress (0)); - - // Create the OnOff application to send UDP datagrams of size - // 210 bytes at a rate of 448 Kb/s - NS_LOG_INFO ("Create Applications."); - uint16_t port = 9; // Discard port (RFC 863) - OnOffHelper onoff ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", - Address (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.254"), port))); - onoff.SetConstantRate (DataRate ("448kb/s")); - ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install (c.Get (0)); - apps.Start (Seconds (1.0)); - apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0)); - - // Create a packet sink to receive these packets - PacketSinkHelper sink ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", - Address (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), port))); - apps = sink.Install (c.Get (3)); - apps.Start (Seconds (1.0)); - //apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0)); - - // Create a similar flow from n3 to n1, starting at time 1.1 seconds - onoff.SetAttribute ("Remote", - AddressValue (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address ("11.0.0.1"), port))); - apps = onoff.Install (c.Get (3)); - apps.Start (Seconds (1.1)); - apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0)); - - // Create a packet sink to receive these packets - apps = sink.Install (c.Get (1)); - apps.Start (Seconds (1.1)); - //apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0)); - - AsciiTraceHelper ascii; - p2p.EnableAsciiAll (ascii.CreateFileStream ("virtual-net-device.tr")); - p2p.EnablePcapAll ("virtual-net-device"); - - NS_LOG_INFO ("Run Simulation."); - Simulator::Run (); - Simulator::Destroy (); - NS_LOG_INFO ("Done."); - - return 0; -} diff -r 79acdbc949f6 -r 897483c6c8ad src/virtual-net-device/examples/wscript --- a/src/virtual-net-device/examples/wscript Mon Dec 03 18:04:57 2018 -0800 +++ b/src/virtual-net-device/examples/wscript Tue Dec 04 05:56:13 2018 +0100 @@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ def build(bld): - obj = bld.create_ns3_program('virtual-net-device', ['virtual-net-device', 'point-to-point', 'internet', 'applications']) - obj.source = 'virtual-net-device.cc' + obj = bld.create_ns3_program('direct-tunnel', ['virtual-net-device', 'point-to-point', 'internet', 'applications']) + obj.source = 'direct-tunnel.cc'