A Discrete-Event Network Simulator
Manual

Events and Simulator

ns-3 is a discrete-event network simulator. Conceptually, the simulator keeps track of a number of events that are scheduled to execute at a specified simulation time. The job of the simulator is to execute the events in sequential time order. Once the completion of an event occurs, the simulator will move to the next event (or will exit if there are no more events in the event queue). If, for example, an event scheduled for simulation time “100 seconds” is executed, and the next event is not scheduled until “200 seconds”, the simulator will immediately jump from 100 seconds to 200 seconds (of simulation time) to execute the next event. This is what is meant by “discrete-event” simulator.

To make this all happen, the simulator needs a few things:

  1. a simulator object that can access an event queue where events are stored and that can manage the execution of events
  2. a scheduler responsible for inserting and removing events from the queue
  3. a way to represent simulation time
  4. the events themselves

This chapter of the manual describes these fundamental objects (simulator, scheduler, time, event) and how they are used.

Event

To be completed

Simulator

The Simulator class is the public entry point to access event scheduling facilities. Once a couple of events have been scheduled to start the simulation, the user can start to execute them by entering the simulator main loop (call Simulator::Run). Once the main loop starts running, it will sequentially execute all scheduled events in order from oldest to most recent until there are either no more events left in the event queue or Simulator::Stop has been called.

To schedule events for execution by the simulator main loop, the Simulator class provides the Simulator::Schedule* family of functions.

  1. Handling event handlers with different signatures

These functions are declared and implemented as C++ templates to handle automatically the wide variety of C++ event handler signatures used in the wild. For example, to schedule an event to execute 10 seconds in the future, and invoke a C++ method or function with specific arguments, you might write this:

void handler (int arg0, int arg1)
{
  std::cout << "handler called with argument arg0=" << arg0 << " and
     arg1=" << arg1 << std::endl;
}

Simulator::Schedule(Seconds(10), &handler, 10, 5);

Which will output:

handler called with argument arg0=10 and arg1=5

Of course, these C++ templates can also handle transparently member methods on C++ objects:

To be completed: member method example

Notes:

  • the ns-3 Schedule methods recognize automatically functions and methods only if they take less than 5 arguments. If you need them to support more arguments, please, file a bug report.
  • Readers familiar with the term ‘fully-bound functors’ will recognize the Simulator::Schedule methods as a way to automatically construct such objects.
  1. Common scheduling operations

The Simulator API was designed to make it really simple to schedule most events. It provides three variants to do so (ordered from most commonly used to least commonly used):

  • Schedule methods which allow you to schedule an event in the future by providing the delay between the current simulation time and the expiration date of the target event.
  • ScheduleNow methods which allow you to schedule an event for the current simulation time: they will execute _after_ the current event is finished executing but _before_ the simulation time is changed for the next event.
  • ScheduleDestroy methods which allow you to hook in the shutdown process of the Simulator to cleanup simulation resources: every ‘destroy’ event is executed when the user calls the Simulator::Destroy method.
  1. Maintaining the simulation context

There are two basic ways to schedule events, with and without context. What does this mean?

Simulator::Schedule (Time const &time, MEM mem_ptr, OBJ obj);

vs.

Simulator::ScheduleWithContext (uint32_t context, Time const &time, MEM mem_ptr, OBJ obj);

Readers who invest time and effort in developing or using a non-trivial simulation model will know the value of the ns-3 logging framework to debug simple and complex simulations alike. One of the important features that is provided by this logging framework is the automatic display of the network node id associated with the ‘currently’ running event.

The node id of the currently executing network node is in fact tracked by the Simulator class. It can be accessed with the Simulator::GetContext method which returns the ‘context’ (a 32-bit integer) associated and stored in the currently-executing event. In some rare cases, when an event is not associated with a specific network node, its ‘context’ is set to 0xffffffff.

To associate a context to each event, the Schedule, and ScheduleNow methods automatically reuse the context of the currently-executing event as the context of the event scheduled for execution later.

In some cases, most notably when simulating the transmission of a packet from a node to another, this behavior is undesirable since the expected context of the reception event is that of the receiving node, not the sending node. To avoid this problem, the Simulator class provides a specific schedule method: ScheduleWithContext which allows one to provide explicitly the node id of the receiving node associated with the receive event.

XXX: code example

In some very rare cases, developers might need to modify or understand how the context (node id) of the first event is set to that of its associated node. This is accomplished by the NodeList class: whenever a new node is created, the NodeList class uses ScheduleWithContext to schedule a ‘initialize’ event for this node. The ‘initialize’ event thus executes with a context set to that of the node id and can use the normal variety of Schedule methods. It invokes the Node::Initialize method which propagates the ‘initialize’ event by calling the DoInitialize method for each object associated with the node. The DoInitialize method overridden in some of these objects (most notably in the Application base class) will schedule some events (most notably Application::StartApplication) which will in turn scheduling traffic generation events which will in turn schedule network-level events.

Notes:

  • Users need to be careful to propagate DoInitialize methods across objects by calling Initialize explicitly on their member objects
  • The context id associated with each ScheduleWithContext method has other uses beyond logging: it is used by an experimental branch of ns-3 to perform parallel simulation on multicore systems using multithreading.

The Simulator::* functions do not know what the context is: they merely make sure that whatever context you specify with ScheduleWithContext is available when the corresponding event executes with ::GetContext.

It is up to the models implemented on top of Simulator::* to interpret the context value. In ns-3, the network models interpret the context as the node id of the node which generated an event. This is why it is important to call ScheduleWithContext in ns3::Channel subclasses because we are generating an event from node i to node j and we want to make sure that the event which will run on node j has the right context.

Time

To be completed

Scheduler

To be completed

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