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In this section we are going to further expand our knowledge of ns-3
network devices and channels to cover an example of a wireless network.
Ns-3
provides a set of 802.11 models that attempt to provide an
accurate MAC-level implementation of the 802.11 specification and a
“not-so-slow” PHY-level model of the 802.11a specification.
Just as we have seen both point-to-point and CSMA topology helper objects when
constructing point-to-point topologies, we will see equivalent Wifi
topology helpers in this section. The appearance and operation of these
helpers should look quite familiar to you.
We provide an example script in our examples
directory. This script
builds on the second.cc
script and adds a Wifi network. Go ahead and
open examples/third.cc
in your favorite editor. You will have already
seen enough ns-3
code to understand most of what is going on in
this example, but there are a few new things, so we will go over the entire
script and examine some of the output.
Just as in the second.cc
example (and in all ns-3
examples)
the file begins with an emacs mode line and some GPL boilerplate.
Take a look at the ASCII art (reproduced below) that shows the default network
topology constructed in the example. You can see that we are going to
further extend our example by hanging a wireless network off of the left side.
Notice that this is a default network topology since you can actually vary the
number of nodes created on the wired and wireless networks. Just as in the
second.cc
script case, if you change nCsma
, it will give you a
number of “extra” CSMA nodes. Similarly, you can set nWifi
to
control how many STA
(station) nodes are created in the simulation.
There will always be one AP
(access point) node on the wireless
network. By default there are three “extra” CSMA nodes and three wireless
STA
nodes.
The code begins by loading module include files just as was done in the
second.cc
example. There are a couple of new includes corresponding
to the Wifi module and the mobility module which we will discuss below.
#include "ns3/core-module.h" #include "ns3/simulator-module.h" #include "ns3/node-module.h" #include "ns3/helper-module.h" #include "ns3/global-routing-module.h" #include "ns3/wifi-module.h" #include "ns3/mobility-module.h"
The network topology illustration follows:
// Default Network Topology // // Wifi 10.1.3.0 // AP // * * * * // | | | | 10.1.1.0 // n5 n6 n7 n0 -------------- n1 n2 n3 n4 // point-to-point | | | | // ================ // LAN 10.1.2.0
You can see that we are adding a new network device to the node on the left side of the point-to-point link that becomes the access point for the wireless network. A number of wireless STA nodes are created to fill out the new 10.1.3.0 network as shown on the left side of the illustration.
After the illustration, the ns-3
namespace is used
and a logging
component is defined. This should all be quite familiar by now.
using namespace ns3; NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("ThirdScriptExample");
As has become the norm in this tutorial, the main program begins by enabling
the UdpEchoClientApplication
and UdpEchoServerApplication
logging components at INFO
level so we can see some output when we run
the simulation.
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { LogComponentEnable("UdpEchoClientApplication", LOG_LEVEL_INFO); LogComponentEnable("UdpEchoServerApplication", LOG_LEVEL_INFO);
A fixed seed is provided to the random number generators so that they will generate repeatable results.
RandomVariable::UseGlobalSeed (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8);
Next, you will see more familiar code that will allow you to change the number of devices on the CSMA and Wifi networks via command line argument.
uint32_t nCsma = 3; uint32_t nWifi = 3; CommandLine cmd; cmd.AddValue ("nCsma", "Number of \"extra\" CSMA nodes/devices", nCsma); cmd.AddValue ("nWifi", "Number of wifi STA devices", nWifi); cmd.Parse (argc,argv);
Just as in all of the previous examples, the next step is to create two nodes that we will connect via the point-to-point link.
NodeContainer p2pNodes; p2pNodes.Create (2);
Next, we see an old friend. We instantiate a PointToPointHelper
and
set the associated default attributes so that we create a five megabit per
second transmitter on devices created using the helper and a two millisecond
delay on channels created by the helper. We then Intall
the devices
on the nodes and the channel between them.
PointToPointHelper pointToPoint; pointToPoint.SetDeviceAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("5Mbps")); pointToPoint.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", StringValue ("2ms")); NetDeviceContainer p2pDevices; p2pDevices = pointToPoint.Install (p2pNodes);
Next, we delare another NodeContainer
to hold the nodes that will be
part of the bus (CSMA) network.
NodeContainer csmaNodes; csmaNodes.Add (p2pNodes.Get (1)); csmaNodes.Create (nCsma);
The next line of code Gets
the first node (as in having an index of one)
from the point-to-point node container and adds it to the container of nodes
that will get CSMA devices. The node in question is going to end up with a
point-to-point device and a CSMA device. We then create a number of “extra”
nodes that compose the remainder of the CSMA network.
We then instantiate a CsmaHelper
and set its attributes as we did in
the previous example. We create a NetDeviceContainer
to keep track of
the created CSMA net devices and then we Install
CSMA devices on the
selected nodes.
CsmaHelper csma; csma.SetChannelAttribute ("DataRate", StringValue ("100Mbps")); csma.SetChannelAttribute ("Delay", TimeValue (NanoSeconds (6560))); NetDeviceContainer csmaDevices; csmaDevices = csma.Install (csmaNodes);
Next, we are going to create the nodes that will be part of the Wifi network. We are going to create a number of “station” nodes as specified by the command line argument, and we are going to use the “leftmost” node of the point-to-point link as the node for the access point.
NodeContainer wifiStaNodes; wifiStaNodes.Create (nWifi); NodeContainer wifiApNode = p2pNodes.Get (0);
The next bit of code constructs the wifi devices and the interconnection channel between these wifi nodes. First, we configure the PHY and channel helpers:
YansWifiChannelHelper channel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default (); YansWifiPhyHelper phy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default ();
For simplicity, this code uses the default PHY layer configuration and
channel models which are documented in the API doxygen documentation for
the YansWifiChannelHelper::Default
and YAnsWifiPhyHelper::Default
methods. Once these objects are created, we create a channel object
and associate it to our PHY layer object manager to make sure
that all the PHY objects created layer by the YansWifiPhyHelper
all share the same underlying channel, that is, they share the same
wireless medium and can communication and interfere:
phy.SetChannel (channel.Create ());
Once the PHY helper is configured, we can focus on the MAC layer:
WifiHelper wifi = WifiHelper::Default (); wifi.SetRemoteStationManager ("ns3::AarfWifiManager");
The SetRemoteStationManager
method tells the helper the type of
rate control algorithm to use. Here, it is asking the helper to use the AARF
algorithm — details are, of course, available in Doxygen.
Next, we configure the SSID of the infrastructure network we want to setup and make sure that our stations don't perform active probing:
Ssid ssid = Ssid ("ns-3-ssid"); wifi.SetMac ("ns3::NqstaWifiMac", "Ssid", SsidValue (ssid), "ActiveProbing", BooleanValue (false));
This code first creates an 802.11 service set identifier (SSID) object that
will be used to set the value of the “Ssid” Attribute
of the MAC
layer implementation. The particular kind of MAC layer is specified by
Attribute
as being of the "ns3::NqstaWifiMac" type. This means that
the MAC will use a “non-QoS station” (nqsta) state machine. Finally, the
“ActiveProbing” attribute is set to false. This means that probe requests
will not be sent by MACs created by this helper.
Once all the station-specific parameters are fully configured, both at the
MAC and PHY layers, we can invoke our now-familiar Install
method to
create the wifi devices of these stations:
NetDeviceContainer staDevices; staDevices = wifi.Install (phy, wifiStaNodes);
We have configured Wifi for all of our STA nodes, and now we need to
configure the AP (access point) node. We begin this process by changing
the default Attributes
of the WifiHelper
to reflect the
requirements of the AP.
wifi.SetMac ("ns3::NqapWifiMac", "Ssid", SsidValue (ssid), "BeaconGeneration", BooleanValue (true), "BeaconInterval", TimeValue (Seconds (2.5)));
In this case, the WifiHelper
is going to create MAC layers of the
“ns3::NqapWifiMac” (Non-Qos Access Point) type. We set the
“BeaconGeneration” attribute to true and also set an interval between
beacons of 2.5 seconds.
The next lines create the single AP which shares the same set of PHY-level attributes (and channel) as the stations:
NetDeviceContainer apDevices; apDevices = wifi.Install (phy, wifiApNode);
Now, we are going to add mobility models. We want the STA nodes to be mobile,
wandering around inside a bounding box, and we want to make the AP node
stationary. We use the MobilityHelper
to make this easy for us.
First, we instantiate a MobilityHelper
obejct and set some attributes
controlling the “position allocator” functionality.
MobilityHelper mobility; mobility.SetPositionAllocator ("ns3::GridPositionAllocator", "MinX", DoubleValue (0.0), "MinY", DoubleValue (0.0), "DeltaX", DoubleValue (5.0), "DeltaY", DoubleValue (10.0), "GridWidth", UintegerValue (3), "LayoutType", StringValue ("RowFirst"));
This code tells the mobility helper to use a two-dimensional grid to initially
place the STA nodes. Feel free to explore the Doxygen for class
ns3::GridPositionAllocator
to see exactly what is being done.
We have aranged our nodes on an initial grid, but now we need to tell them
how to move. We choose the RandomWalk2dMobilityModel
which has the
nodes move in a random direction at a random speed around inside a bounding
box.
mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::RandomWalk2dMobilityModel", "Bounds", RectangleValue (Rectangle (-50, 50, -50, 50)));
We now tell the MobilityHelper
to install the mobility models on the
STA nodes.
mobility.Install (wifiStaNodes);
We want the access point to remain in a fixed position during the simulation.
We accomplish this by setting the mobility model for this node to be the
ns3::StaticMobilityModel
:
mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::StaticMobilityModel"); mobility.Install (wifiApNode);
We now have our nodes, devices and channels created, and mobility models
chosen for the Wifi nodes, but we have no protocol stacks present. Just as
we have done previously many times, we will use the InternetStackHelper
to install these stacks.
InternetStackHelper stack; stack.Install (csmaNodes); stack.Install (wifiApNode); stack.Install (wifiStaNodes);
Just as in the second.cc
example script, we are going to use the
Ipv4AddressHelper
to assign IP addresses to our device interfaces.
First we use the network 10.1.1.0 to create the two addresses needed for our
two point-to-point devices. Then we use network 10.1.2.0 to assign addresses
the the CSMA network and then we assign addresses from network 10.1.3.0 to
both the STA devices and the AP on the wireless network.
Ipv4AddressHelper address; address.SetBase ("10.1.1.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer p2pInterfaces; p2pInterfaces = address.Assign (p2pDevices); address.SetBase ("10.1.2.0", "255.255.255.0"); Ipv4InterfaceContainer csmaInterfaces; csmaInterfaces = address.Assign (csmaDevices); address.SetBase ("10.1.3.0", "255.255.255.0"); address.Assign (staDevices); address.Assign (apDevices);
We put the echo server on the “rightmost” node in the illustration at the start of the file. We have done this before.
UdpEchoServerHelper echoServer (9); ApplicationContainer serverApps = echoServer.Install (csmaNodes.Get (nCsma)); serverApps.Start (Seconds (1.0)); serverApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));
And we put the echo client on the last STA node we created, pointing it to the server on the CSMA network. We have also seen similar operations before.
UdpEchoClientHelper echoClient (csmaInterfaces.GetAddress (nCsma), 9); echoClient.SetAttribute ("MaxPackets", UintegerValue (1)); echoClient.SetAttribute ("Interval", TimeValue (Seconds (1.))); echoClient.SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (1024)); ApplicationContainer clientApps = echoClient.Install (wifiStaNodes.Get (nWifi - 1)); clientApps.Start (Seconds (2.0)); clientApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));
Since we have built an internetwork here, we need enable internetwork routing
just as we did in the second.cc
example script.
GlobalRouteManager::PopulateRoutingTables ();
One thing that can surprise some users is the fact that the simulation we just created will never “naturally” stop. This is because we asked the wireless access point to generate beacons. It will generate beacons forever, so we must tell the simulator to stop even though it may have beacon generation events scheduled. The following line of code tells the simulator to stop so that we don't simulate beacons forever and enter what is essentially an endless loop.
Simulator::Stop (Seconds (10.0));
We use the same trick as in the second.cc
script to only generate
pcap traces from the nodes we find interesting. Note that we use the same
“formula” to get pcap tracing enabled on Wifi devices as we did on the
CSMA and point-to-point devices.
WifiHelper::EnablePcap ("third", wifiStaNodes.Get (nWifi - 1)->GetId (), 0); CsmaHelper::EnablePcap ("third", csmaNodes.Get (nCsma)->GetId (), 0);
Finally, we actually run the simulation, clean up and then exit the program.
Simulator::Run (); Simulator::Destroy (); return 0; }
In order to run this example, you have to copy the third.cc
example
script into the scratch directory and use Waf to build just as you did with
the second.cc
example. If you are in the top-level directory of the
repository you would type,
cp examples/third.cc scratch/ ./waf ./waf --run scratch/third
Since we have set up the UDP echo applications just as we did in the
second.cc
script, you will see similar output.
~/repos/ns-3-dev > ./waf --run scratch/third Entering directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-dev/build' Compilation finished successfully Sent 1024 bytes to 10.1.2.4 Received 1024 bytes from 10.1.3.3 Received 1024 bytes from 10.1.2.4 ~/repos/ns-3-dev >
Recall that the first message, Sent 1024 bytes to 10.1.2.4
is the
UDP echo client sending a packet to the server. In this case, the client
is on the wireless network (10.1.3.0). The second message,
Received 1024 bytes from 10.1.3.3
, is from the UDP echo server,
generated when it receives the echo packet. The final message,
Received 1024 bytes from 10.1.2.4
is from the echo client, indicating
that it has received its echo back from the server.
If you now go and look in the top level directory, you will find two trace files:
~/repos/ns-3-dev > ls *.pcap third-4-0.pcap third-7-0.pcap ~/repos/ns-3-dev >
The file “third-4-0.pcap” corresponds to the pcap trace for node four - device zero. This is the CSMA network node that acted as the echo server. Take a look at the tcpdump for this device:
~/repos/ns-3-dev > tcpdump -r third-4-0.pcap -nn -tt reading from file third-4-0.pcap, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet) 2.005855 arp who-has 10.1.2.4 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) tell 10.1.2.1 2.005855 arp reply 10.1.2.4 is-at 00:00:00:00:00:06 2.005859 IP 10.1.3.3.49153 > 10.1.2.4.9: UDP, length 1024 2.005859 arp who-has 10.1.2.1 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) tell 10.1.2.4 2.005861 arp reply 10.1.2.1 is-at 00:00:00:00:00:03 2.005861 IP 10.1.2.4.9 > 10.1.3.3.49153: UDP, length 1024 ~/repos/ns-3-dev >
This should be familiar and easily understood. If you've forgotten, go back
and look at the discussion in second.cc
. This is the same sequence.
Now, take a look at the other trace file, “third-7-0.pcap.” This is the trace file for the wireless STA node that acts as the echo client.
~/repos/ns-3-dev > tcpdump -r third-7-0.pcap -nn -tt reading from file third-7-0.pcap, link-type IEEE802_11 (802.11) 0.000146 Beacon (ns-3-ssid) ... H: 0 0.000180 Assoc Request (ns-3-ssid) ... 0.000336 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:07 0.000454 Assoc Response AID(0) :: Succesful 0.000514 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:0a 0.000746 Assoc Request (ns-3-ssid) ... 0.000902 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:09 0.001020 Assoc Response AID(0) :: Succesful 0.001036 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:0a 0.001219 Assoc Request (ns-3-ssid) ... 0.001279 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:08 0.001478 Assoc Response AID(0) :: Succesful 0.001538 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:0a 2.000000 arp who-has 10.1.3.4 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) tell 10.1.3.3 2.000172 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:09 2.000318 arp who-has 10.1.3.4 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) tell 10.1.3.3 2.000581 arp reply 10.1.3.4 is-at 00:00:00:00:00:0a 2.000597 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:0a 2.000693 IP 10.1.3.3.49153 > 10.1.2.4.9: UDP, length 1024 2.002229 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:09 2.009663 arp who-has 10.1.3.3 (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) tell 10.1.3.4 2.009697 arp reply 10.1.3.3 is-at 00:00:00:00:00:09 2.009869 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:09 2.011487 IP 10.1.2.4.9 > 10.1.3.3.49153: UDP, length 1024 2.011503 Acknowledgment RA:00:00:00:00:00:0a 2.500112 Beacon[|802.11] 5.000112 Beacon[|802.11] 7.500112 Beacon[|802.11] ~/repos/ns-3-dev >
You can see that the link type is now 802.11 as you would expect. We leave it as an exercise to parse the dump and trace packets across the internetwork.
Now, we spent a lot of time setting up mobility models for the wireless network
and so it would be a shame to finish up without even showing that the STA
nodes are actually moving around. Let's do this by hooking into the
MobilityModel
course change trace source. This is usually considered
a fairly advanced topic, but let's just go for it.
As mentioned in the Tweaking Ns-3 section, the ns-3
tracing system
is divided into trace sources and trace sinks, and we provide functions to
connect the two. We will use the mobility model predefined course change
trace source to originate the trace events. We will need to write a trace
sink to connect to that source that will display some pretty information for
us. Despite its reputation as being difficult, it's really quite simple.
Just before the main program of the scratch/third.cc
script, add the
following function:
void CourseChange (std::string context, Ptr<const MobilityModel> model) { Vector position = model->GetPosition (); NS_LOG_UNCOND (context << " x = " << position.x << ", y = " << position.y); }
This code just pulls the position information from the mobility model and
unconditionally logs the x and y position of the node. We are
going to arrange for this function to be called every time the wireless
node with the echo client changes its position. We do this using the
Config::Connect
function. Add the following lines of code to the
script just before the Simulator::Run
call.
std::ostringstream oss; oss << "/NodeList/" << wifiStaNodes.Get (nWifi - 1)->GetId () << "/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange"; Config::Connect (oss.str (), MakeCallback (&CourseChange));
What we do here is to create a string containing the tracing namespace path
of the event to which we want to connect. First, we have to figure out which
node it is we want using the GetId
method as described earlier. In the
case of the default number of CSMA and wireless nodes, this turns out to be
node seven and the tracing namespace path to the mobility model would look
like,
/NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange
Based on the discussion in the tracing section, you can easily infer that
this trace path references the seventh node in the NodeList. It specifies
what is called an aggregated object of type ns3::MobilityModel
. The
dollar sign prefix implies that the MobilityModel is aggregated to node seven.
The last component of the path means that we are hooking into the
“CourseChange” event of that model.
We make a connection between the trace source in node seven with our trace
sink by calling Config::Connect
and passing this namespace path. Once
this is done, every course change event on node seven will be hooked into our
trace sink, which will in turn print out the new position.
If you now run the simulation, you will see the course changes displayed as they happen.
~/repos/ns-3-dev > ./waf --run scratch/third Entering directory `/home/craigdo/repos/ns-3-dev/build' Compilation finished successfully /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 10, y = 0 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.1304, y = 0.493761 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.70417, y = 1.39837 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 7.94799, y = 2.05274 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.82597, y = 1.57404 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.3003, y = 0.723347 Sent 1024 bytes to 10.1.2.4 Received 1024 bytes from 10.1.3.3 Received 1024 bytes from 10.1.2.4 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.74083, y = 1.62109 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.00146, y = 0.655647 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.98731, y = 0.823279 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.50206, y = 1.69766 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.68108, y = 2.26862 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.25992, y = 1.45317 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.55655, y = 0.742346 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.21992, y = 1.68398 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.81273, y = 0.878638 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 7.83171, y = 1.07256 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 7.60027, y = 0.0997156 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.45367, y = 0.620978 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 7.68484, y = 1.26043 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.53659, y = 0.736479 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.51876, y = 0.548502 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.89778, y = 1.47389 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.98984, y = 1.893 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 9.91524, y = 1.51402 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.98761, y = 1.14054 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.16617, y = 0.570239 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.02954, y = 1.56086 /NodeList/7/$ns3::MobilityModel/CourseChange x = 8.09551, y = 2.55868 ~/repos/ns-3-dev >
If you are feeling brave, there is a list of all trace sources in the ns-3 Doxygen which you can find in the “Modules” tab. Under the “core” section, you will find a link to “The list of all trace sources.” You may find it interesting to try and hook some of these traces yourself. Additionally in the “Modules” documentation, there is a link to “The list of all attributes.” You can set the default value of any of these attributes via the command line as we have previously discussed.
We have just scratched the surface of ns-3
in this tutorial, but we
hope we have covered enough to get you started doing useful work.
– The ns-3
development team.
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