hwmp-protocol.cc

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2008,2009 IITP RAS
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
 *
 * Authors: Kirill Andreev <andreev@iitp.ru>
 */
 
#include "hwmp-protocol.h"
 
#include "airtime-metric.h"
#include "hwmp-protocol-mac.h"
#include "hwmp-rtable.h"
#include "hwmp-tag.h"
#include "ie-dot11s-perr.h"
#include "ie-dot11s-prep.h"
#include "ie-dot11s-preq.h"
 
#include "ns3/log.h"
#include "ns3/mesh-point-device.h"
#include "ns3/mesh-wifi-interface-mac.h"
#include "ns3/packet.h"
#include "ns3/pointer.h"
#include "ns3/random-variable-stream.h"
#include "ns3/simulator.h"
#include "ns3/string.h"
#include "ns3/trace-source-accessor.h"
#include "ns3/wifi-net-device.h"
 
namespace ns3
{
 
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE("HwmpProtocol");
 
namespace dot11s
{
 
NS_OBJECT_ENSURE_REGISTERED(HwmpProtocol);
 
TypeId
HwmpProtocol::GetTypeId()
{
    static TypeId tid =
        TypeId("ns3::dot11s::HwmpProtocol")
            .SetParent<MeshL2RoutingProtocol>()
            .SetGroupName("Mesh")
            .AddConstructor<HwmpProtocol>()
            .AddAttribute("RandomStart",
                          "Random delay at first proactive PREQ",
                          TimeValue(Seconds(0.1)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_randomStart),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("MaxQueueSize",
                          "Maximum number of packets we can store when resolving route",
                          UintegerValue(255),
                          MakeUintegerAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_maxQueueSize),
                          MakeUintegerChecker<uint16_t>(1))
            .AddAttribute(
                "Dot11MeshHWMPmaxPREQretries",
                "Maximum number of retries before we suppose the destination to be unreachable",
                UintegerValue(3),
                MakeUintegerAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPmaxPREQretries),
                MakeUintegerChecker<uint8_t>(1))
            .AddAttribute(
                "Dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime",
                "Time we suppose the packet to go from one edge of the network to another",
                TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 100)),
                MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime),
                MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("Dot11MeshHWMPpreqMinInterval",
                          "Minimal interval between to successive PREQs",
                          TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 100)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPpreqMinInterval),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("Dot11MeshHWMPperrMinInterval",
                          "Minimal interval between to successive PREQs",
                          TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 100)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPperrMinInterval),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("Dot11MeshHWMPactiveRootTimeout",
                          "Lifetime of proactive routing information",
                          TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 5000)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPactiveRootTimeout),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("Dot11MeshHWMPactivePathTimeout",
                          "Lifetime of reactive routing information",
                          TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 5000)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPactivePathTimeout),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("Dot11MeshHWMPpathToRootInterval",
                          "Interval between two successive proactive PREQs",
                          TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 2000)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPpathToRootInterval),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("Dot11MeshHWMPrannInterval",
                          "Lifetime of proactive routing information",
                          TimeValue(MicroSeconds(1024 * 5000)),
                          MakeTimeAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_dot11MeshHWMPrannInterval),
                          MakeTimeChecker())
            .AddAttribute("MaxTtl",
                          "Initial value of Time To Live field",
                          UintegerValue(32),
                          MakeUintegerAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_maxTtl),
                          MakeUintegerChecker<uint8_t>(2))
            .AddAttribute(
                "UnicastPerrThreshold",
                "Maximum number of PERR receivers, when we send a PERR as a chain of unicasts",
                UintegerValue(32),
                MakeUintegerAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_unicastPerrThreshold),
                MakeUintegerChecker<uint8_t>(1))
            .AddAttribute(
                "UnicastPreqThreshold",
                "Maximum number of PREQ receivers, when we send a PREQ as a chain of unicasts",
                UintegerValue(1),
                MakeUintegerAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_unicastPreqThreshold),
                MakeUintegerChecker<uint8_t>(1))
            .AddAttribute("UnicastDataThreshold",
                          "Maximum number of broadcast receivers, when we send a broadcast as a "
                          "chain of unicasts",
                          UintegerValue(1),
                          MakeUintegerAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_unicastDataThreshold),
                          MakeUintegerChecker<uint8_t>(1))
            .AddAttribute("DoFlag",
                          "Destination only HWMP flag",
                          BooleanValue(false),
                          MakeBooleanAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_doFlag),
                          MakeBooleanChecker())
            .AddAttribute("RfFlag",
                          "Reply and forward flag",
                          BooleanValue(true),
                          MakeBooleanAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_rfFlag),
                          MakeBooleanChecker())
            .AddTraceSource("RouteDiscoveryTime",
                            "The time of route discovery procedure",
                            MakeTraceSourceAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_routeDiscoveryTimeCallback),
                            "ns3::Time::TracedCallback")
            .AddTraceSource("RouteChange",
                            "Routing table changed",
                            MakeTraceSourceAccessor(&HwmpProtocol::m_routeChangeTraceSource),
                            "ns3::HwmpProtocol::RouteChangeTracedCallback");
    return tid;
}
 
HwmpProtocol::HwmpProtocol()
    : m_dataSeqno(1),
      m_hwmpSeqno(1),
      m_preqId(0),
      m_rtable(CreateObject<HwmpRtable>()),
      m_randomStart(Seconds(0.1)),
      m_maxQueueSize(255),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPmaxPREQretries(3),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime(MicroSeconds(1024 * 100)),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPpreqMinInterval(MicroSeconds(1024 * 100)),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPperrMinInterval(MicroSeconds(1024 * 100)),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPactiveRootTimeout(MicroSeconds(1024 * 5000)),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPactivePathTimeout(MicroSeconds(1024 * 5000)),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPpathToRootInterval(MicroSeconds(1024 * 2000)),
      m_dot11MeshHWMPrannInterval(MicroSeconds(1024 * 5000)),
      m_isRoot(false),
      m_maxTtl(32),
      m_unicastPerrThreshold(32),
      m_unicastPreqThreshold(1),
      m_unicastDataThreshold(1),
      m_doFlag(false),
      m_rfFlag(false)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    m_coefficient = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable>();
}
 
HwmpProtocol::~HwmpProtocol()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::DoInitialize()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    m_coefficient->SetAttribute("Max", DoubleValue(m_randomStart.GetSeconds()));
    if (m_isRoot)
    {
        Time randomStart = Seconds(m_coefficient->GetValue());
        m_proactivePreqTimer =
            Simulator::Schedule(randomStart, &HwmpProtocol::SendProactivePreq, this);
    }
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::DoDispose()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    for (auto i = m_preqTimeouts.begin(); i != m_preqTimeouts.end(); i++)
    {
        i->second.preqTimeout.Cancel();
    }
    m_proactivePreqTimer.Cancel();
    m_preqTimeouts.clear();
    m_lastDataSeqno.clear();
    m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase.clear();
    m_interfaces.clear();
    m_rqueue.clear();
    m_rtable = nullptr;
    m_mp = nullptr;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::RequestRoute(uint32_t sourceIface,
                           const Mac48Address source,
                           const Mac48Address destination,
                           Ptr<const Packet> constPacket,
                           uint16_t protocolType, // ethrnet 'Protocol' field
                           MeshL2RoutingProtocol::RouteReplyCallback routeReply)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << sourceIface << source << destination << constPacket << protocolType);
    Ptr<Packet> packet = constPacket->Copy();
    HwmpTag tag;
    if (sourceIface == GetMeshPoint()->GetIfIndex())
    {
        // packet from level 3
        if (packet->PeekPacketTag(tag))
        {
            NS_FATAL_ERROR(
                "HWMP tag has come with a packet from upper layer. This must not occur...");
        }
        // Filling TAG:
        if (destination == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
        {
            tag.SetSeqno(m_dataSeqno++);
        }
        tag.SetTtl(m_maxTtl);
    }
    else
    {
        if (!packet->RemovePacketTag(tag))
        {
            NS_FATAL_ERROR("HWMP tag is supposed to be here at this point.");
        }
        tag.DecrementTtl();
        if (tag.GetTtl() == 0)
        {
            NS_LOG_DEBUG("Dropping frame due to TTL expiry");
            m_stats.droppedTtl++;
            return false;
        }
    }
    if (destination == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
    {
        m_stats.txBroadcast++;
        m_stats.txBytes += packet->GetSize();
        // channel IDs where we have already sent broadcast:
        std::vector<uint16_t> channels;
        for (auto plugin = m_interfaces.begin(); plugin != m_interfaces.end(); plugin++)
        {
            bool shouldSend = true;
            for (auto chan = channels.begin(); chan != channels.end(); chan++)
            {
                if ((*chan) == plugin->second->GetChannelId())
                {
                    shouldSend = false;
                }
            }
            if (!shouldSend)
            {
                continue;
            }
            channels.push_back(plugin->second->GetChannelId());
            std::vector<Mac48Address> receivers = GetBroadcastReceivers(plugin->first);
            for (auto i = receivers.begin(); i != receivers.end(); i++)
            {
                Ptr<Packet> packetCopy = packet->Copy();
                //
                // 64-bit Intel valgrind complains about tag.SetAddress (*i).  It
                // likes this just fine.
                //
                Mac48Address address = *i;
                tag.SetAddress(address);
                packetCopy->AddPacketTag(tag);
                NS_LOG_DEBUG("Sending route reply for broadcast; address " << address);
                routeReply(true, packetCopy, source, destination, protocolType, plugin->first);
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        return ForwardUnicast(sourceIface,
                              source,
                              destination,
                              packet,
                              protocolType,
                              routeReply,
                              tag.GetTtl());
    }
    return true;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::RemoveRoutingStuff(uint32_t fromIface,
                                 const Mac48Address source,
                                 const Mac48Address destination,
                                 Ptr<Packet> packet,
                                 uint16_t& protocolType)
{
    HwmpTag tag;
    if (!packet->RemovePacketTag(tag))
    {
        NS_FATAL_ERROR("HWMP tag must exist when packet received from the network");
    }
    return true;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::ForwardUnicast(uint32_t sourceIface,
                             const Mac48Address source,
                             const Mac48Address destination,
                             Ptr<Packet> packet,
                             uint16_t protocolType,
                             RouteReplyCallback routeReply,
                             uint32_t ttl)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << sourceIface << source << destination << packet << protocolType << ttl);
    NS_ASSERT(destination != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast());
    HwmpRtable::LookupResult result = m_rtable->LookupReactive(destination);
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("Requested src = " << source << ", dst = " << destination << ", I am "
                                    << GetAddress() << ", RA = " << result.retransmitter);
    if (result.retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
    {
        result = m_rtable->LookupProactive();
    }
    HwmpTag tag;
    tag.SetAddress(result.retransmitter);
    tag.SetTtl(ttl);
    // seqno and metric is not used;
    packet->AddPacketTag(tag);
    if (result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
    {
        // reply immediately:
        routeReply(true, packet, source, destination, protocolType, result.ifIndex);
        m_stats.txUnicast++;
        m_stats.txBytes += packet->GetSize();
        return true;
    }
    if (sourceIface != GetMeshPoint()->GetIfIndex())
    {
        // Start path error procedure:
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Must Send PERR");
        result = m_rtable->LookupReactiveExpired(destination);
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Path error " << result.retransmitter);
        // 1.  Lookup expired reactive path. If exists - start path error
        //     procedure towards a next hop of this path
        // 2.  If there was no reactive path, we lookup expired proactive
        //     path. If exist - start path error procedure towards path to
        //     root
        if (result.retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
        {
            NS_LOG_DEBUG("Path error, lookup expired proactive path");
            result = m_rtable->LookupProactiveExpired();
        }
        if (result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
        {
            NS_LOG_DEBUG("Path error, initiate reactive path error");
            std::vector<FailedDestination> destinations =
                m_rtable->GetUnreachableDestinations(result.retransmitter);
            InitiatePathError(MakePathError(destinations));
        }
        m_stats.totalDropped++;
        return false;
    }
    // Request a destination:
    result = m_rtable->LookupReactiveExpired(destination);
    if (ShouldSendPreq(destination))
    {
        uint32_t originator_seqno = GetNextHwmpSeqno();
        uint32_t dst_seqno = 0;
        if (result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
        {
            dst_seqno = result.seqnum;
        }
        m_stats.initiatedPreq++;
        for (auto i = m_interfaces.begin(); i != m_interfaces.end(); i++)
        {
            i->second->RequestDestination(destination, originator_seqno, dst_seqno);
        }
    }
    QueuedPacket pkt;
    pkt.pkt = packet;
    pkt.dst = destination;
    pkt.src = source;
    pkt.protocol = protocolType;
    pkt.reply = routeReply;
    pkt.inInterface = sourceIface;
    if (QueuePacket(pkt))
    {
        m_stats.totalQueued++;
        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        m_stats.totalDropped++;
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Dropping packet from " << source << " to " << destination
                                             << " due to queue overflow");
        return false;
    }
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ReceivePreq(IePreq preq,
                          Mac48Address from,
                          uint32_t interface,
                          Mac48Address fromMp,
                          uint32_t metric)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << from << interface << fromMp << metric);
    preq.IncrementMetric(metric);
    // acceptance cretirea:
    auto i = m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase.find(preq.GetOriginatorAddress());
    bool freshInfo(true);
    if (i != m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase.end())
    {
        if ((int32_t)(i->second.first - preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber()) > 0)
        {
            return;
        }
        if (i->second.first == preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber())
        {
            freshInfo = false;
            if (i->second.second <= preq.GetMetric())
            {
                return;
            }
        }
    }
    m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase[preq.GetOriginatorAddress()] =
        std::make_pair(preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber(), preq.GetMetric());
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("I am " << GetAddress() << ", Accepted preq from address" << from
                         << ", preq:" << preq);
    std::vector<Ptr<DestinationAddressUnit>> destinations = preq.GetDestinationList();
    // Add reactive path to originator:
    if ((freshInfo) ||
        ((m_rtable->LookupReactive(preq.GetOriginatorAddress()).retransmitter ==
          Mac48Address::GetBroadcast()) ||
         (m_rtable->LookupReactive(preq.GetOriginatorAddress()).metric > preq.GetMetric())))
    {
        m_rtable->AddReactivePath(preq.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                                  from,
                                  interface,
                                  preq.GetMetric(),
                                  MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024),
                                  preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber());
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChange;
        rChange.type = "Add Reactive";
        rChange.destination = preq.GetOriginatorAddress();
        rChange.retransmitter = from;
        rChange.interface = interface;
        rChange.metric = preq.GetMetric();
        rChange.lifetime = MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024);
        rChange.seqnum = preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber();
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
        ReactivePathResolved(preq.GetOriginatorAddress());
    }
    if ((m_rtable->LookupReactive(fromMp).retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast()) ||
        (m_rtable->LookupReactive(fromMp).metric > metric))
    {
        m_rtable->AddReactivePath(fromMp,
                                  from,
                                  interface,
                                  metric,
                                  MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024),
                                  preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber());
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChange;
        rChange.type = "Add Reactive";
        rChange.destination = fromMp;
        rChange.retransmitter = from;
        rChange.interface = interface;
        rChange.metric = metric;
        rChange.lifetime = MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024);
        rChange.seqnum = preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber();
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
        ReactivePathResolved(fromMp);
    }
    for (auto i = destinations.begin(); i != destinations.end(); i++)
    {
        if ((*i)->GetDestinationAddress() == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
        {
            // only proactive PREQ contains destination
            // address as broadcast! Proactive preq MUST
            // have destination count equal to 1 and
            // per destination flags DO and RF
            NS_ASSERT(preq.GetDestCount() == 1);
            NS_ASSERT(((*i)->IsDo()) && ((*i)->IsRf()));
            // Add proactive path only if it is the better then existed
            // before
            if (((m_rtable->LookupProactive()).retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast()) ||
                ((m_rtable->LookupProactive()).metric > preq.GetMetric()))
            {
                m_rtable->AddProactivePath(preq.GetMetric(),
                                           preq.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                                           from,
                                           interface,
                                           MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024),
                                           preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber());
                // Notify trace source of routing change
                RouteChange rChange;
                rChange.type = "Add Proactive";
                rChange.destination = preq.GetOriginatorAddress();
                rChange.retransmitter = from;
                rChange.interface = interface;
                rChange.metric = preq.GetMetric();
                rChange.lifetime = MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024);
                rChange.seqnum = preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber();
                m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
                ProactivePathResolved();
            }
            if (!preq.IsNeedNotPrep())
            {
                SendPrep(GetAddress(),
                         preq.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                         from,
                         (uint32_t)0,
                         preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber(),
                         GetNextHwmpSeqno(),
                         preq.GetLifetime(),
                         interface);
            }
            break;
        }
        if ((*i)->GetDestinationAddress() == GetAddress())
        {
            SendPrep(GetAddress(),
                     preq.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                     from,
                     (uint32_t)0,
                     preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber(),
                     GetNextHwmpSeqno(),
                     preq.GetLifetime(),
                     interface);
            NS_ASSERT(m_rtable->LookupReactive(preq.GetOriginatorAddress()).retransmitter !=
                      Mac48Address::GetBroadcast());
            preq.DelDestinationAddressElement((*i)->GetDestinationAddress());
            continue;
        }
        // check if can answer:
        HwmpRtable::LookupResult result = m_rtable->LookupReactive((*i)->GetDestinationAddress());
        if ((!((*i)->IsDo())) && (result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast()))
        {
            // have a valid information and can answer
            uint32_t lifetime = result.lifetime.GetMicroSeconds() / 1024;
            if ((lifetime > 0) && ((int32_t)(result.seqnum - (*i)->GetDestSeqNumber()) >= 0))
            {
                SendPrep((*i)->GetDestinationAddress(),
                         preq.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                         from,
                         result.metric,
                         preq.GetOriginatorSeqNumber(),
                         result.seqnum,
                         lifetime,
                         interface);
                m_rtable->AddPrecursor((*i)->GetDestinationAddress(),
                                       interface,
                                       from,
                                       MicroSeconds(preq.GetLifetime() * 1024));
                if ((*i)->IsRf())
                {
                    (*i)->SetFlags(true, false, (*i)->IsUsn()); // DO = 1, RF = 0
                }
                else
                {
                    preq.DelDestinationAddressElement((*i)->GetDestinationAddress());
                    continue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // check if must retransmit:
    if (preq.GetDestCount() == 0)
    {
        return;
    }
    // Forward PREQ to all interfaces:
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("I am " << GetAddress() << "retransmitting PREQ:" << preq);
    for (auto i = m_interfaces.begin(); i != m_interfaces.end(); i++)
    {
        Time forwardingDelay = GetMeshPoint()->GetForwardingDelay();
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Forwarding PREQ from " << from << " with delay "
                                             << forwardingDelay.As(Time::US));
        Simulator::Schedule(forwardingDelay, &HwmpProtocolMac::SendPreq, i->second, preq);
    }
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ReceivePrep(IePrep prep,
                          Mac48Address from,
                          uint32_t interface,
                          Mac48Address fromMp,
                          uint32_t metric)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << from << interface << fromMp << metric);
    prep.IncrementMetric(metric);
    // acceptance cretirea:
    auto i = m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase.find(prep.GetOriginatorAddress());
    bool freshInfo(true);
    uint32_t sequence = prep.GetDestinationSeqNumber();
    if (i != m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase.end())
    {
        if ((int32_t)(i->second.first - sequence) > 0)
        {
            return;
        }
        if (i->second.first == sequence)
        {
            freshInfo = false;
        }
    }
    m_hwmpSeqnoMetricDatabase[prep.GetOriginatorAddress()] =
        std::make_pair(sequence, prep.GetMetric());
    // update routing info
    // Now add a path to destination and add precursor to source
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("I am " << GetAddress() << ", received prep from " << prep.GetOriginatorAddress()
                         << ", receiver was:" << from);
    HwmpRtable::LookupResult result = m_rtable->LookupReactive(prep.GetDestinationAddress());
    // Add a reactive path only if seqno is fresher or it improves the
    // metric
    if ((freshInfo) ||
        (((m_rtable->LookupReactive(prep.GetOriginatorAddress())).retransmitter ==
          Mac48Address::GetBroadcast()) ||
         ((m_rtable->LookupReactive(prep.GetOriginatorAddress())).metric > prep.GetMetric())))
    {
        m_rtable->AddReactivePath(prep.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                                  from,
                                  interface,
                                  prep.GetMetric(),
                                  MicroSeconds(prep.GetLifetime() * 1024),
                                  sequence);
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChange;
        rChange.type = "Add Reactive";
        rChange.destination = prep.GetOriginatorAddress();
        rChange.retransmitter = from;
        rChange.interface = interface;
        rChange.metric = prep.GetMetric();
        rChange.lifetime = MicroSeconds(prep.GetLifetime() * 1024);
        rChange.seqnum = sequence;
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
        m_rtable->AddPrecursor(prep.GetDestinationAddress(),
                               interface,
                               from,
                               MicroSeconds(prep.GetLifetime() * 1024));
        if (result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
        {
            m_rtable->AddPrecursor(prep.GetOriginatorAddress(),
                                   interface,
                                   result.retransmitter,
                                   result.lifetime);
        }
        ReactivePathResolved(prep.GetOriginatorAddress());
    }
    if (((m_rtable->LookupReactive(fromMp)).retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast()) ||
        ((m_rtable->LookupReactive(fromMp)).metric > metric))
    {
        m_rtable->AddReactivePath(fromMp,
                                  from,
                                  interface,
                                  metric,
                                  MicroSeconds(prep.GetLifetime() * 1024),
                                  sequence);
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChange;
        rChange.type = "Add Reactive";
        rChange.destination = fromMp;
        rChange.retransmitter = from;
        rChange.interface = interface;
        rChange.metric = metric;
        rChange.lifetime = MicroSeconds(prep.GetLifetime() * 1024);
        rChange.seqnum = sequence;
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
        ReactivePathResolved(fromMp);
    }
    if (prep.GetDestinationAddress() == GetAddress())
    {
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("I am " << GetAddress() << ", resolved " << prep.GetOriginatorAddress());
        return;
    }
    if (result.retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
    {
        return;
    }
    // Forward PREP
    auto prep_sender = m_interfaces.find(result.ifIndex);
    NS_ASSERT(prep_sender != m_interfaces.end());
    Time forwardingDelay = GetMeshPoint()->GetForwardingDelay();
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("Forwarding PREP from " << from << " with delay " << forwardingDelay.As(Time::US));
    Simulator::Schedule(forwardingDelay,
                        &HwmpProtocolMac::SendPrep,
                        prep_sender->second,
                        prep,
                        result.retransmitter);
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ReceivePerr(std::vector<FailedDestination> destinations,
                          Mac48Address from,
                          uint32_t interface,
                          Mac48Address fromMp)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << from << interface << fromMp);
    // Acceptance cretirea:
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("I am " << GetAddress() << ", received PERR from " << from);
    std::vector<FailedDestination> retval;
    HwmpRtable::LookupResult result;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < destinations.size(); i++)
    {
        result = m_rtable->LookupReactiveExpired(destinations[i].destination);
        if (!((result.retransmitter != from) || (result.ifIndex != interface) ||
              ((int32_t)(result.seqnum - destinations[i].seqnum) > 0)))
        {
            retval.push_back(destinations[i]);
        }
    }
    if (retval.empty())
    {
        return;
    }
    ForwardPathError(MakePathError(retval));
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::SendPrep(Mac48Address src,
                       Mac48Address dst,
                       Mac48Address retransmitter,
                       uint32_t initMetric,
                       uint32_t originatorDsn,
                       uint32_t destinationSN,
                       uint32_t lifetime,
                       uint32_t interface)
{
    IePrep prep;
    prep.SetHopcount(0);
    prep.SetTtl(m_maxTtl);
    prep.SetDestinationAddress(dst);
    prep.SetDestinationSeqNumber(destinationSN);
    prep.SetLifetime(lifetime);
    prep.SetMetric(initMetric);
    prep.SetOriginatorAddress(src);
    prep.SetOriginatorSeqNumber(originatorDsn);
    auto prep_sender = m_interfaces.find(interface);
    NS_ASSERT(prep_sender != m_interfaces.end());
    prep_sender->second->SendPrep(prep, retransmitter);
    m_stats.initiatedPrep++;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::Install(Ptr<MeshPointDevice> mp)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << mp);
    m_mp = mp;
    std::vector<Ptr<NetDevice>> interfaces = mp->GetInterfaces();
    for (auto i = interfaces.begin(); i != interfaces.end(); i++)
    {
        // Checking for compatible net device
        Ptr<WifiNetDevice> wifiNetDev = (*i)->GetObject<WifiNetDevice>();
        if (!wifiNetDev)
        {
            return false;
        }
        Ptr<MeshWifiInterfaceMac> mac = wifiNetDev->GetMac()->GetObject<MeshWifiInterfaceMac>();
        if (!mac)
        {
            return false;
        }
        // Installing plugins:
        Ptr<HwmpProtocolMac> hwmpMac = Create<HwmpProtocolMac>(wifiNetDev->GetIfIndex(), this);
        m_interfaces[wifiNetDev->GetIfIndex()] = hwmpMac;
        mac->InstallPlugin(hwmpMac);
        // Installing airtime link metric:
        Ptr<AirtimeLinkMetricCalculator> metric = CreateObject<AirtimeLinkMetricCalculator>();
        mac->SetLinkMetricCallback(
            MakeCallback(&AirtimeLinkMetricCalculator::CalculateMetric, metric));
    }
    mp->SetRoutingProtocol(this);
    // Mesh point aggregates all installed protocols
    mp->AggregateObject(this);
    m_address = Mac48Address::ConvertFrom(mp->GetAddress()); // address;
    return true;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::PeerLinkStatus(Mac48Address meshPointAddress,
                             Mac48Address peerAddress,
                             uint32_t interface,
                             bool status)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << meshPointAddress << peerAddress << interface << status);
    if (status)
    {
        return;
    }
    std::vector<FailedDestination> destinations = m_rtable->GetUnreachableDestinations(peerAddress);
    NS_LOG_DEBUG(destinations.size() << " failed destinations for peer address " << peerAddress);
    InitiatePathError(MakePathError(destinations));
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::SetNeighboursCallback(Callback<std::vector<Mac48Address>, uint32_t> cb)
{
    m_neighboursCallback = cb;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::DropDataFrame(uint32_t seqno, Mac48Address source)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << seqno << source);
    if (source == GetAddress())
    {
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Dropping seqno " << seqno << "; from self");
        return true;
    }
    const auto i = m_lastDataSeqno.find(source);
    if (i == m_lastDataSeqno.end())
    {
        m_lastDataSeqno[source] = seqno;
    }
    else
    {
        if ((int32_t)(i->second - seqno) >= 0)
        {
            NS_LOG_DEBUG("Dropping seqno " << seqno << "; stale frame");
            return true;
        }
        m_lastDataSeqno[source] = seqno;
    }
    return false;
}
 
HwmpProtocol::PathError
HwmpProtocol::MakePathError(std::vector<FailedDestination> destinations)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    PathError retval;
    // HwmpRtable increments a sequence number as written in 11B.9.7.2
    retval.receivers = GetPerrReceivers(destinations);
    if (retval.receivers.empty())
    {
        return retval;
    }
    m_stats.initiatedPerr++;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < destinations.size(); i++)
    {
        retval.destinations.push_back(destinations[i]);
        m_rtable->DeleteReactivePath(destinations[i].destination);
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChange;
        rChange.type = "Delete Reactive";
        rChange.destination = destinations[i].destination;
        rChange.seqnum = destinations[i].seqnum;
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
    }
    return retval;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::InitiatePathError(PathError perr)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    for (auto i = m_interfaces.begin(); i != m_interfaces.end(); i++)
    {
        std::vector<Mac48Address> receivers_for_interface;
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < perr.receivers.size(); j++)
        {
            if (i->first == perr.receivers[j].first)
            {
                receivers_for_interface.push_back(perr.receivers[j].second);
            }
        }
        i->second->InitiatePerr(perr.destinations, receivers_for_interface);
    }
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ForwardPathError(PathError perr)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    for (auto i = m_interfaces.begin(); i != m_interfaces.end(); i++)
    {
        std::vector<Mac48Address> receivers_for_interface;
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < perr.receivers.size(); j++)
        {
            if (i->first == perr.receivers[j].first)
            {
                receivers_for_interface.push_back(perr.receivers[j].second);
            }
        }
        Time forwardingDelay = GetMeshPoint()->GetForwardingDelay();
        NS_LOG_DEBUG("Forwarding PERR with delay " << forwardingDelay.As(Time::US));
        Simulator::Schedule(forwardingDelay,
                            &HwmpProtocolMac::ForwardPerr,
                            i->second,
                            perr.destinations,
                            receivers_for_interface);
        i->second->ForwardPerr(perr.destinations, receivers_for_interface);
    }
}
 
std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, Mac48Address>>
HwmpProtocol::GetPerrReceivers(std::vector<FailedDestination> failedDest)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    HwmpRtable::PrecursorList retval;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < failedDest.size(); i++)
    {
        HwmpRtable::PrecursorList precursors = m_rtable->GetPrecursors(failedDest[i].destination);
        m_rtable->DeleteReactivePath(failedDest[i].destination);
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChange;
        rChange.type = "Delete Reactive";
        rChange.destination = failedDest[i].destination;
        rChange.seqnum = failedDest[i].seqnum;
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChange);
        m_rtable->DeleteProactivePath(failedDest[i].destination);
        // Notify trace source of routing change
        RouteChange rChangePro;
        rChangePro.type = "Delete Proactive";
        rChangePro.destination = failedDest[i].destination;
        rChangePro.seqnum = failedDest[i].seqnum;
        m_routeChangeTraceSource(rChangePro);
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < precursors.size(); j++)
        {
            retval.push_back(precursors[j]);
        }
    }
    // Check if we have duplicates in retval and precursors:
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < retval.size(); i++)
    {
        for (unsigned int j = i + 1; j < retval.size(); j++)
        {
            if (retval[i].second == retval[j].second)
            {
                retval.erase(retval.begin() + j);
            }
        }
    }
    return retval;
}
 
std::vector<Mac48Address>
HwmpProtocol::GetPreqReceivers(uint32_t interface)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << interface);
    std::vector<Mac48Address> retval;
    if (!m_neighboursCallback.IsNull())
    {
        retval = m_neighboursCallback(interface);
    }
    if (retval.size() >= m_unicastPreqThreshold || retval.empty())
    {
        retval.clear();
        retval.push_back(Mac48Address::GetBroadcast());
    }
    return retval;
}
 
std::vector<Mac48Address>
HwmpProtocol::GetBroadcastReceivers(uint32_t interface)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << interface);
    std::vector<Mac48Address> retval;
    if (!m_neighboursCallback.IsNull())
    {
        retval = m_neighboursCallback(interface);
    }
    if (retval.size() >= m_unicastDataThreshold || retval.empty())
    {
        retval.clear();
        retval.push_back(Mac48Address::GetBroadcast());
    }
    return retval;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::QueuePacket(QueuedPacket packet)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    if (m_rqueue.size() > m_maxQueueSize)
    {
        return false;
    }
    m_rqueue.push_back(packet);
    return true;
}
 
HwmpProtocol::QueuedPacket
HwmpProtocol::DequeueFirstPacketByDst(Mac48Address dst)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << dst);
    QueuedPacket retval;
    retval.pkt = nullptr;
    for (auto i = m_rqueue.begin(); i != m_rqueue.end(); i++)
    {
        if ((*i).dst == dst)
        {
            retval = (*i);
            m_rqueue.erase(i);
            break;
        }
    }
    return retval;
}
 
HwmpProtocol::QueuedPacket
HwmpProtocol::DequeueFirstPacket()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    QueuedPacket retval;
    retval.pkt = nullptr;
    if (!m_rqueue.empty())
    {
        retval = m_rqueue[0];
        m_rqueue.erase(m_rqueue.begin());
    }
    return retval;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ReactivePathResolved(Mac48Address dst)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << dst);
    auto i = m_preqTimeouts.find(dst);
    if (i != m_preqTimeouts.end())
    {
        m_routeDiscoveryTimeCallback(Simulator::Now() - i->second.whenScheduled);
    }
 
    HwmpRtable::LookupResult result = m_rtable->LookupReactive(dst);
    NS_ASSERT(result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast());
    // Send all packets stored for this destination
    QueuedPacket packet = DequeueFirstPacketByDst(dst);
    while (packet.pkt)
    {
        // set RA tag for retransmitter:
        HwmpTag tag;
        packet.pkt->RemovePacketTag(tag);
        tag.SetAddress(result.retransmitter);
        packet.pkt->AddPacketTag(tag);
        m_stats.txUnicast++;
        m_stats.txBytes += packet.pkt->GetSize();
        packet.reply(true, packet.pkt, packet.src, packet.dst, packet.protocol, result.ifIndex);
 
        packet = DequeueFirstPacketByDst(dst);
    }
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ProactivePathResolved()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    // send all packets to root
    HwmpRtable::LookupResult result = m_rtable->LookupProactive();
    NS_ASSERT(result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast());
    QueuedPacket packet = DequeueFirstPacket();
    while (packet.pkt)
    {
        // set RA tag for retransmitter:
        HwmpTag tag;
        if (!packet.pkt->RemovePacketTag(tag))
        {
            NS_FATAL_ERROR("HWMP tag must be present at this point");
        }
        tag.SetAddress(result.retransmitter);
        packet.pkt->AddPacketTag(tag);
        m_stats.txUnicast++;
        m_stats.txBytes += packet.pkt->GetSize();
        packet.reply(true, packet.pkt, packet.src, packet.dst, packet.protocol, result.ifIndex);
 
        packet = DequeueFirstPacket();
    }
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::ShouldSendPreq(Mac48Address dst)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << dst);
    auto i = m_preqTimeouts.find(dst);
    if (i == m_preqTimeouts.end())
    {
        m_preqTimeouts[dst].preqTimeout =
            Simulator::Schedule(Time(m_dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime * 2),
                                &HwmpProtocol::RetryPathDiscovery,
                                this,
                                dst,
                                1);
        m_preqTimeouts[dst].whenScheduled = Simulator::Now();
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::RetryPathDiscovery(Mac48Address dst, uint8_t numOfRetry)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << dst << (uint16_t)numOfRetry);
    HwmpRtable::LookupResult result = m_rtable->LookupReactive(dst);
    if (result.retransmitter == Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
    {
        result = m_rtable->LookupProactive();
    }
    if (result.retransmitter != Mac48Address::GetBroadcast())
    {
        auto i = m_preqTimeouts.find(dst);
        NS_ASSERT(i != m_preqTimeouts.end());
        m_preqTimeouts.erase(i);
        return;
    }
    if (numOfRetry > m_dot11MeshHWMPmaxPREQretries)
    {
        QueuedPacket packet = DequeueFirstPacketByDst(dst);
        // purge queue and delete entry from retryDatabase
        while (packet.pkt)
        {
            m_stats.totalDropped++;
            packet.reply(false,
                         packet.pkt,
                         packet.src,
                         packet.dst,
                         packet.protocol,
                         HwmpRtable::MAX_METRIC);
            packet = DequeueFirstPacketByDst(dst);
        }
        auto i = m_preqTimeouts.find(dst);
        NS_ASSERT(i != m_preqTimeouts.end());
        m_routeDiscoveryTimeCallback(Simulator::Now() - i->second.whenScheduled);
        m_preqTimeouts.erase(i);
        return;
    }
    numOfRetry++;
    uint32_t originator_seqno = GetNextHwmpSeqno();
    uint32_t dst_seqno = m_rtable->LookupReactiveExpired(dst).seqnum;
    for (auto i = m_interfaces.begin(); i != m_interfaces.end(); i++)
    {
        i->second->RequestDestination(dst, originator_seqno, dst_seqno);
    }
    m_preqTimeouts[dst].preqTimeout =
        Simulator::Schedule(Time((2 * (numOfRetry + 1)) * m_dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime),
                            &HwmpProtocol::RetryPathDiscovery,
                            this,
                            dst,
                            numOfRetry);
}
 
// Proactive PREQ routines:
void
HwmpProtocol::SetRoot()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    NS_LOG_DEBUG("ROOT IS: " << m_address);
    m_isRoot = true;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::UnsetRoot()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    m_proactivePreqTimer.Cancel();
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::SendProactivePreq()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    IePreq preq;
    // By default: must answer
    preq.SetHopcount(0);
    preq.SetTTL(m_maxTtl);
    preq.SetLifetime(m_dot11MeshHWMPactiveRootTimeout.GetMicroSeconds() / 1024);
    //\attention: do not forget to set originator address, sequence
    // number and preq ID in HWMP-MAC plugin
    preq.AddDestinationAddressElement(true, true, Mac48Address::GetBroadcast(), 0);
    preq.SetOriginatorAddress(GetAddress());
    preq.SetPreqID(GetNextPreqId());
    preq.SetOriginatorSeqNumber(GetNextHwmpSeqno());
    for (auto i = m_interfaces.begin(); i != m_interfaces.end(); i++)
    {
        i->second->SendPreq(preq);
    }
    m_proactivePreqTimer = Simulator::Schedule(m_dot11MeshHWMPpathToRootInterval,
                                               &HwmpProtocol::SendProactivePreq,
                                               this);
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::GetDoFlag() const
{
    return m_doFlag;
}
 
bool
HwmpProtocol::GetRfFlag() const
{
    return m_rfFlag;
}
 
Time
HwmpProtocol::GetPreqMinInterval()
{
    return m_dot11MeshHWMPpreqMinInterval;
}
 
Time
HwmpProtocol::GetPerrMinInterval()
{
    return m_dot11MeshHWMPperrMinInterval;
}
 
uint8_t
HwmpProtocol::GetMaxTtl() const
{
    return m_maxTtl;
}
 
uint32_t
HwmpProtocol::GetNextPreqId()
{
    m_preqId++;
    return m_preqId;
}
 
uint32_t
HwmpProtocol::GetNextHwmpSeqno()
{
    m_hwmpSeqno++;
    return m_hwmpSeqno;
}
 
uint32_t
HwmpProtocol::GetActivePathLifetime()
{
    return m_dot11MeshHWMPactivePathTimeout.GetMicroSeconds() / 1024;
}
 
uint8_t
HwmpProtocol::GetUnicastPerrThreshold() const
{
    return m_unicastPerrThreshold;
}
 
Mac48Address
HwmpProtocol::GetAddress()
{
    return m_address;
}
 
// Statistics:
HwmpProtocol::Statistics::Statistics()
    : txUnicast(0),
      txBroadcast(0),
      txBytes(0),
      droppedTtl(0),
      totalQueued(0),
      totalDropped(0),
      initiatedPreq(0),
      initiatedPrep(0),
      initiatedPerr(0)
{
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::Statistics::Print(std::ostream& os) const
{
    os << "<Statistics "
          "txUnicast=\""
       << txUnicast
       << "\" "
          "txBroadcast=\""
       << txBroadcast
       << "\" "
          "txBytes=\""
       << txBytes
       << "\" "
          "droppedTtl=\""
       << droppedTtl
       << "\" "
          "totalQueued=\""
       << totalQueued
       << "\" "
          "totalDropped=\""
       << totalDropped
       << "\" "
          "initiatedPreq=\""
       << initiatedPreq
       << "\" "
          "initiatedPrep=\""
       << initiatedPrep
       << "\" "
          "initiatedPerr=\""
       << initiatedPerr << "\"/>" << std::endl;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::Report(std::ostream& os) const
{
    os << "<Hwmp "
          "address=\""
       << m_address << "\"" << std::endl
       << "maxQueueSize=\"" << m_maxQueueSize << "\"" << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPmaxPREQretries=\"" << (uint16_t)m_dot11MeshHWMPmaxPREQretries << "\""
       << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime=\""
       << m_dot11MeshHWMPnetDiameterTraversalTime.GetSeconds() << "\"" << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPpreqMinInterval=\"" << m_dot11MeshHWMPpreqMinInterval.GetSeconds() << "\""
       << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPperrMinInterval=\"" << m_dot11MeshHWMPperrMinInterval.GetSeconds() << "\""
       << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPactiveRootTimeout=\"" << m_dot11MeshHWMPactiveRootTimeout.GetSeconds()
       << "\"" << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPactivePathTimeout=\"" << m_dot11MeshHWMPactivePathTimeout.GetSeconds()
       << "\"" << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPpathToRootInterval=\"" << m_dot11MeshHWMPpathToRootInterval.GetSeconds()
       << "\"" << std::endl
       << "Dot11MeshHWMPrannInterval=\"" << m_dot11MeshHWMPrannInterval.GetSeconds() << "\""
       << std::endl
       << "isRoot=\"" << m_isRoot << "\"" << std::endl
       << "maxTtl=\"" << (uint16_t)m_maxTtl << "\"" << std::endl
       << "unicastPerrThreshold=\"" << (uint16_t)m_unicastPerrThreshold << "\"" << std::endl
       << "unicastPreqThreshold=\"" << (uint16_t)m_unicastPreqThreshold << "\"" << std::endl
       << "unicastDataThreshold=\"" << (uint16_t)m_unicastDataThreshold << "\"" << std::endl
       << "doFlag=\"" << m_doFlag << "\"" << std::endl
       << "rfFlag=\"" << m_rfFlag << "\">" << std::endl;
    m_stats.Print(os);
    for (auto plugin = m_interfaces.begin(); plugin != m_interfaces.end(); plugin++)
    {
        plugin->second->Report(os);
    }
    os << "</Hwmp>" << std::endl;
}
 
void
HwmpProtocol::ResetStats()
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this);
    m_stats = Statistics();
    for (auto plugin = m_interfaces.begin(); plugin != m_interfaces.end(); plugin++)
    {
        plugin->second->ResetStats();
    }
}
 
int64_t
HwmpProtocol::AssignStreams(int64_t stream)
{
    NS_LOG_FUNCTION(this << stream);
    m_coefficient->SetStream(stream);
    return 1;
}
 
Ptr<HwmpRtable>
HwmpProtocol::GetRoutingTable() const
{
    return m_rtable;
}
 
HwmpProtocol::QueuedPacket::QueuedPacket()
    : pkt(nullptr),
      protocol(0),
      inInterface(0)
{
}
} // namespace dot11s
} // namespace ns3