dsr-routing.cc

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/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2011 Yufei Cheng
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation;
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 * Author: Yufei Cheng   <yfcheng@ittc.ku.edu>
 *
 * James P.G. Sterbenz <jpgs@ittc.ku.edu>, director
 * ResiliNets Research Group  http://wiki.ittc.ku.edu/resilinets
 * Information and Telecommunication Technology Center (ITTC)
 * and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
 * The University of Kansas Lawrence, KS USA.
 *
 * Work supported in part by NSF FIND (Future Internet Design) Program
 * under grant CNS-0626918 (Postmodern Internet Architecture),
 * NSF grant CNS-1050226 (Multilayer Network Resilience Analysis and Experimentation on GENI),
 * US Department of Defense (DoD), and ITTC at The University of Kansas.
 */

#define NS_LOG_APPEND_CONTEXT                                   \
  if (GetObject<Node> ()) { std::clog << "[node " << GetObject<Node> ()->GetId () << "] "; }

#include <list>
#include <ctime>
#include <map>
#include <limits>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

#include "ns3/config.h"
#include "ns3/enum.h"
#include "ns3/string.h"
#include "ns3/ptr.h"
#include "ns3/log.h"
#include "ns3/assert.h"
#include "ns3/uinteger.h"
#include "ns3/net-device.h"
#include "ns3/packet.h"
#include "ns3/boolean.h"
#include "ns3/node-list.h"
#include "ns3/double.h"
#include "ns3/pointer.h"
#include "ns3/timer.h"
#include "ns3/object-vector.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-address.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-header.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-l3-protocol.h"
#include "ns3/ipv4-route.h"
#include "ns3/trace-source-accessor.h"
#include "ns3/icmpv4-l4-protocol.h"
#include "ns3/adhoc-wifi-mac.h"
#include "ns3/wifi-net-device.h"
#include "ns3/inet-socket-address.h"
#include "ns3/udp-l4-protocol.h"
#include "ns3/udp-socket-factory.h"
#include "ns3/tcp-socket-factory.h"
#include "ns3/llc-snap-header.h"
#include "ns3/arp-header.h"
#include "ns3/ipv6-interface.h"

#include "dsr-rreq-table.h"
#include "dsr-rcache.h"
#include "dsr-routing.h"
#include "dsr-fs-header.h"
#include "dsr-options.h"

namespace ns3 {

NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE ("DsrRouting");
  
namespace dsr {

NS_OBJECT_ENSURE_REGISTERED (DsrRouting);

/* see http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers */
const uint8_t DsrRouting::PROT_NUMBER = 48;
/*
 * The extension header is the fixed size dsr header, it is response for recognizing DSR option types
 * and demux to right options to process the packet.
 *
 * The header format with neighboring layers is as follows:
 *
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
 |  Application Header |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |   Transport Header  |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |   Fixed DSR Header  |
 +---------------------+
 |     DSR Options     |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 |      IP Header      |
 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 */

TypeId DsrRouting::GetTypeId ()
{
  static TypeId tid = TypeId ("ns3::dsr::DsrRouting")
    .SetParent<IpL4Protocol> ()
    .SetGroupName ("Dsr")
    .AddConstructor<DsrRouting> ()
    .AddAttribute ("RouteCache",
                   "The route cache for saving routes from "
                   "route discovery process.",
                   PointerValue (0),
                   MakePointerAccessor (&DsrRouting::SetRouteCache,
                                        &DsrRouting::GetRouteCache),
                   MakePointerChecker<DsrRouteCache> ())
    .AddAttribute ("RreqTable",
                   "The request table to manage route requests.",
                   PointerValue (0),
                   MakePointerAccessor (&DsrRouting::SetRequestTable,
                                        &DsrRouting::GetRequestTable),
                   MakePointerChecker<DsrRreqTable> ())
    .AddAttribute ("PassiveBuffer",
                   "The passive buffer to manage "
                   "promisucously received passive ack.",
                   PointerValue (0),
                   MakePointerAccessor (&DsrRouting::SetPassiveBuffer,
                                        &DsrRouting::GetPassiveBuffer),
                   MakePointerChecker<DsrPassiveBuffer> ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxSendBuffLen",
                   "Maximum number of packets that can be stored "
                   "in send buffer.",
                   UintegerValue (64),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxSendBuffLen),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxSendBuffTime",
                   "Maximum time packets can be queued in the send buffer .",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (30)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_sendBufferTimeout),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxMaintLen",
                   "Maximum number of packets that can be stored "
                   "in maintenance buffer.",
                   UintegerValue (50),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxMaintainLen),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxMaintTime",
                   "Maximum time packets can be queued in maintenance buffer.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (30)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxMaintainTime),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxCacheLen",
                   "Maximum number of route entries that can be stored "
                   "in route cache.",
                   UintegerValue (64),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxCacheLen),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("RouteCacheTimeout",
                   "Maximum time the route cache can be queued in "
                   "route cache.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (300)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxCacheTime),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxEntriesEachDst",
                   "Maximum number of route entries for a "
                   "single destination to respond.",
                   UintegerValue (20),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxEntriesEachDst),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("SendBuffInterval",
                   "How often to check send buffer for packet with route.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (500)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_sendBuffInterval),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("NodeTraversalTime",
                   "The time it takes to traverse two neighboring nodes.",
                   TimeValue (MilliSeconds (40)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_nodeTraversalTime),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("RreqRetries",
                   "Maximum number of retransmissions for "
                   "request discovery of a route.",
                   UintegerValue (16),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_rreqRetries),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaintenanceRetries",
                   "Maximum number of retransmissions for "
                   "data packets from maintenance buffer.",
                   UintegerValue (2),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxMaintRexmt),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("RequestTableSize",
                   "Maximum number of request entries in the request table, "
                   "set this as the number of nodes in the simulation.",
                   UintegerValue (64),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_requestTableSize),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("RequestIdSize",
                   "Maximum number of request source Ids in "
                   "the request table.",
                   UintegerValue (16),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_requestTableIds),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("UniqueRequestIdSize",
                   "Maximum number of request Ids in "
                   "the request table for a single destination.",
                   UintegerValue (256),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxRreqId),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("NonPropRequestTimeout",
                   "The timeout value for non-propagation request.",
                   TimeValue (MilliSeconds (30)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_nonpropRequestTimeout),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("DiscoveryHopLimit",
                   "The max discovery hop limit for route requests.",
                   UintegerValue (255),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_discoveryHopLimit),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxSalvageCount",
                   "The max salvage count for a single data packet.",
                   UintegerValue (15),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxSalvageCount),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint8_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("BlacklistTimeout",
                   "The time for a neighbor to stay in blacklist.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (3)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_blacklistTimeout),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("GratReplyHoldoff",
                   "The time for gratuitous reply entry to expire.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (1)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_gratReplyHoldoff),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("BroadcastJitter",
                   "The jitter time to avoid collision for broadcast packets.",
                   UintegerValue (10),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_broadcastJitter),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("LinkAckTimeout",
                   "The time a packet in maintenance buffer wait for "
                   "link acknowledgment.",
                   TimeValue (MilliSeconds (100)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_linkAckTimeout),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("TryLinkAcks",
                   "The number of link acknowledgment to use.",
                   UintegerValue (1),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_tryLinkAcks),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("PassiveAckTimeout",
                   "The time a packet in maintenance buffer wait for "
                   "passive acknowledgment.",
                   TimeValue (MilliSeconds (100)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_passiveAckTimeout),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("TryPassiveAcks",
                   "The number of passive acknowledgment to use.",
                   UintegerValue (1),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_tryPassiveAcks),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("RequestPeriod",
                   "The base time interval between route requests.",
                   TimeValue (MilliSeconds (500)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_requestPeriod),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxRequestPeriod",
                   "The max time interval between route requests.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (10)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxRequestPeriod),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("GraReplyTableSize",
                   "The gratuitous reply table size.",
                   UintegerValue (64),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_graReplyTableSize),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("CacheType",
                   "Use Link Cache or use Path Cache",
                   StringValue ("LinkCache"),
                   MakeStringAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_cacheType),
                   MakeStringChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("StabilityDecrFactor",
                   "The stability decrease factor for link cache",
                   UintegerValue (2),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_stabilityDecrFactor),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("StabilityIncrFactor",
                   "The stability increase factor for link cache",
                   UintegerValue (4),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_stabilityIncrFactor),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("InitStability",
                   "The initial stability factor for link cache",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (25)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_initStability),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("MinLifeTime",
                   "The minimal life time for link cache",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (1)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_minLifeTime),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("UseExtends",
                   "The extension time for link cache",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (120)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_useExtends),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("EnableSubRoute",
                   "Enables saving of sub route when receiving "
                   "route error messages, only available when "
                   "using path route cache",
                   BooleanValue (true),
                   MakeBooleanAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_subRoute),
                   MakeBooleanChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("RetransIncr",
                   "The increase time for retransmission timer "
                   "when facing network congestion",
                   TimeValue (MilliSeconds (20)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_retransIncr),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxNetworkQueueSize",
                   "The max number of packet to save in the network queue.",
                   UintegerValue (400),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxNetworkSize),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("MaxNetworkQueueDelay",
                   "The max time for a packet to stay in the network queue.",
                   TimeValue (Seconds (30.0)),
                   MakeTimeAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_maxNetworkDelay),
                   MakeTimeChecker ())
    .AddAttribute ("NumPriorityQueues",
                   "The max number of packet to save in the network queue.",
                   UintegerValue (2),
                   MakeUintegerAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_numPriorityQueues),
                   MakeUintegerChecker<uint32_t> ())
    .AddAttribute ("LinkAcknowledgment",
                   "Enable Link layer acknowledgment mechanism",
                   BooleanValue (true),
                   MakeBooleanAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_linkAck),
                   MakeBooleanChecker ())
    .AddTraceSource ("Tx",
                     "Send DSR packet.",
                     MakeTraceSourceAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_txPacketTrace),
                     "ns3::dsr::DsrOptionSRHeader::TracedCallback")
    .AddTraceSource ("Drop",
                     "Drop DSR packet",
                     MakeTraceSourceAccessor (&DsrRouting::m_dropTrace),
                     "ns3::Packet::TracedCallback")
  ;
  return tid;
}

DsrRouting::DsrRouting ()
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();

  m_uniformRandomVariable = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable> ();

  /*
   * The following Ptr statements created objects for all the options header for DSR, and each of them have
   * distinct option number assigned, when DSR Routing received a packet from higher layer, it will find
   * the following options based on the option number, and pass the packet to the appropriate option to
   * process it. After the option processing, it will pass the packet back to DSR Routing to send down layer.
   */
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionPad1> pad1Option = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionPad1> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionPadn> padnOption = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionPadn> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionRreq> rreqOption = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionRreq> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionRrep> rrepOption = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionRrep> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionSR>   srOption = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionSR> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionRerr>   rerrOption = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionRerr> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionAckReq> ackReq = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionAckReq> ();
  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptionAck> ack = CreateObject<dsr::DsrOptionAck> ();

  Insert (pad1Option);
  Insert (padnOption);
  Insert (rreqOption);
  Insert (rrepOption);
  Insert (srOption);
  Insert (rerrOption);
  Insert (ackReq);
  Insert (ack);

  // Check the send buffer for sending packets
  m_sendBuffTimer.SetFunction (&DsrRouting::SendBuffTimerExpire, this);
  m_sendBuffTimer.Schedule (Seconds (100));
}

DsrRouting::~DsrRouting ()
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();
}

void
DsrRouting::NotifyNewAggregate ()
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << "NotifyNewAggregate");
  if (m_node == 0)
    {
      Ptr<Node> node = this->GetObject<Node> ();
      if (node != 0)
        {
          m_ipv4 = this->GetObject<Ipv4L3Protocol> ();
          if (m_ipv4 != 0)
            {
              this->SetNode (node);
              m_ipv4->Insert (this);
              this->SetDownTarget (MakeCallback (&Ipv4L3Protocol::Send, m_ipv4));
            }

          m_ip = node->GetObject<Ipv4> ();
          if (m_ip != 0)
            {
              NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Ipv4 started");
            }
        }
    }
  IpL4Protocol::NotifyNewAggregate ();
  Simulator::ScheduleNow (&DsrRouting::Start, this);
}

void DsrRouting::Start ()
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << "Start DSR Routing protocol");

  NS_LOG_INFO ("The number of network queues " << m_numPriorityQueues);
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < m_numPriorityQueues; i++)
    {
      // Set the network queue max size and the delay
      NS_LOG_INFO ("The network queue size " << m_maxNetworkSize << " and the queue delay " << m_maxNetworkDelay.GetSeconds ());
      Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> queue_i = CreateObject<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> (m_maxNetworkSize,m_maxNetworkDelay);
      std::pair<std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator, bool> result_i = m_priorityQueue.insert (std::make_pair (i, queue_i));
      NS_ASSERT_MSG (result_i.second, "Error in creating queues");
    }
  Ptr<dsr::DsrRreqTable> rreqTable = CreateObject<dsr::DsrRreqTable> ();
  // Set the initial hop limit
  rreqTable->SetInitHopLimit (m_discoveryHopLimit);
  // Configure the request table parameters
  rreqTable->SetRreqTableSize (m_requestTableSize);
  rreqTable->SetRreqIdSize (m_requestTableIds);
  rreqTable->SetUniqueRreqIdSize (m_maxRreqId);
  SetRequestTable (rreqTable);
  // Set the passive buffer parameters using just the send buffer parameters
  Ptr<dsr::DsrPassiveBuffer> passiveBuffer = CreateObject<dsr::DsrPassiveBuffer> ();
  passiveBuffer->SetMaxQueueLen (m_maxSendBuffLen);
  passiveBuffer->SetPassiveBufferTimeout (m_sendBufferTimeout);
  SetPassiveBuffer (passiveBuffer);

  // Set the send buffer parameters
  m_sendBuffer.SetMaxQueueLen (m_maxSendBuffLen);
  m_sendBuffer.SetSendBufferTimeout (m_sendBufferTimeout);
  // Set the error buffer parameters using just the send buffer parameters
  m_errorBuffer.SetMaxQueueLen (m_maxSendBuffLen);
  m_errorBuffer.SetErrorBufferTimeout (m_sendBufferTimeout);
  // Set the maintenance buffer parameters
  m_maintainBuffer.SetMaxQueueLen (m_maxMaintainLen);
  m_maintainBuffer.SetMaintainBufferTimeout (m_maxMaintainTime);
  // Set the gratuitous reply table size
  m_graReply.SetGraTableSize (m_graReplyTableSize);

  if (m_mainAddress == Ipv4Address ())
    {
      Ipv4Address loopback ("127.0.0.1");
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < m_ipv4->GetNInterfaces (); i++)
        {
          // Use primary address, if multiple
          Ipv4Address addr = m_ipv4->GetAddress (i, 0).GetLocal ();
          m_broadcast = m_ipv4->GetAddress (i, 0).GetBroadcast ();
          if (addr != loopback)
            {
              /*
               * Set dsr route cache
               */
              Ptr<dsr::DsrRouteCache> routeCache = CreateObject<dsr::DsrRouteCache> ();
              // Configure the path cache parameters
              routeCache->SetCacheType (m_cacheType);
              routeCache->SetSubRoute (m_subRoute);
              routeCache->SetMaxCacheLen (m_maxCacheLen);
              routeCache->SetCacheTimeout (m_maxCacheTime);
              routeCache->SetMaxEntriesEachDst (m_maxEntriesEachDst);
              // Parameters for link cache
              routeCache->SetStabilityDecrFactor (m_stabilityDecrFactor);
              routeCache->SetStabilityIncrFactor (m_stabilityIncrFactor);
              routeCache->SetInitStability (m_initStability);
              routeCache->SetMinLifeTime (m_minLifeTime);
              routeCache->SetUseExtends (m_useExtends);
              routeCache->ScheduleTimer ();
              // The call back to handle link error and send error message to appropriate nodes
              // routeCache->SetCallback (MakeCallback (&DsrRouting::SendRerrWhenBreaksLinkToNextHop, this));
              SetRouteCache (routeCache);
              // Set the main address as the current ip address
              m_mainAddress = addr;

              m_ipv4->GetNetDevice (1)->SetPromiscReceiveCallback (MakeCallback (&DsrRouting::PromiscReceive, this));

              // Allow neighbor manager use this interface for layer 2 feedback if possible
              Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ipv4->GetNetDevice (m_ipv4->GetInterfaceForAddress (addr));
              Ptr<WifiNetDevice> wifi = dev->GetObject<WifiNetDevice> ();
              if (wifi == 0)
                {
                  break;
                }
              Ptr<WifiMac> mac = wifi->GetMac ();
              if (mac == 0)
                {
                  break;
                }

              routeCache->AddArpCache (m_ipv4->GetInterface (i)->GetArpCache ());
              NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Starting DSR on node " << m_mainAddress);
              break;
            }
        }
      NS_ASSERT (m_mainAddress != Ipv4Address () && m_broadcast != Ipv4Address ());
    }
}

Ptr<NetDevice>
DsrRouting::GetNetDeviceFromContext (std::string context)
{
  // Use "NodeList/*/DeviceList/*/ as reference
  // where element [1] is the Node Id
  // element [2] is the NetDevice Id
  std::vector <std::string> elements = GetElementsFromContext (context);
  Ptr<Node> n = NodeList::GetNode (atoi (elements[1].c_str ()));
  NS_ASSERT (n);
  return n->GetDevice (atoi (elements[3].c_str ()));
}

std::vector<std::string>
DsrRouting::GetElementsFromContext (std::string context)
{
  std::vector <std::string> elements;
  size_t pos1=0, pos2;
  while (pos1 != context.npos)
  {
    pos1 = context.find ("/",pos1);
    pos2 = context.find ("/",pos1+1);
    elements.push_back (context.substr (pos1+1,pos2-(pos1+1)));
    pos1 = pos2;
    pos2 = context.npos;
  }
  return elements;
}

void
DsrRouting::DoDispose (void)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();
  m_node = 0;
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < m_ipv4->GetNInterfaces (); i++)
    {
      // Disable layer 2 link state monitoring (if possible)
      Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ipv4->GetNetDevice (i);
      Ptr<WifiNetDevice> wifi = dev->GetObject<WifiNetDevice> ();
      if (wifi != 0)
        {
          Ptr<WifiMac> mac = wifi->GetMac ()->GetObject<AdhocWifiMac> ();
          if (mac != 0)
            {
              mac->TraceDisconnectWithoutContext ("TxErrHeader",
                                                  m_routeCache->GetTxErrorCallback ());
              m_routeCache->DelArpCache (m_ipv4->GetInterface (i)->GetArpCache ());
            }
        }
    }
  IpL4Protocol::DoDispose ();
}

void
DsrRouting::SetNode (Ptr<Node> node)
{
  m_node = node;
}

Ptr<Node>
DsrRouting::GetNode () const
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION_NOARGS ();
  return m_node;
}

void DsrRouting::SetRouteCache (Ptr<dsr::DsrRouteCache> r)
{
  // / Set the route cache to use
  m_routeCache = r;
}

Ptr<dsr::DsrRouteCache>
DsrRouting::GetRouteCache () const
{
  // / Get the route cache to use
  return m_routeCache;
}

void DsrRouting::SetRequestTable (Ptr<dsr::DsrRreqTable> q)
{
  // / Set the request table to use
  m_rreqTable = q;
}

Ptr<dsr::DsrRreqTable>
DsrRouting::GetRequestTable () const
{
  // / Get the request table to use
  return m_rreqTable;
}

void DsrRouting::SetPassiveBuffer (Ptr<dsr::DsrPassiveBuffer> p)
{
  // / Set the request table to use
  m_passiveBuffer = p;
}

Ptr<dsr::DsrPassiveBuffer>
DsrRouting::GetPassiveBuffer () const
{
  // / Get the request table to use
  return m_passiveBuffer;
}

Ptr<Node>
DsrRouting::GetNodeWithAddress (Ipv4Address ipv4Address)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << ipv4Address);
  int32_t nNodes = NodeList::GetNNodes ();
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < nNodes; ++i)
    {
      Ptr<Node> node = NodeList::GetNode (i);
      Ptr<Ipv4> ipv4 = node->GetObject<Ipv4> ();
      int32_t ifIndex = ipv4->GetInterfaceForAddress (ipv4Address);
      if (ifIndex != -1)
        {
          return node;
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

bool DsrRouting::IsLinkCache ()
{
  return m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ();
}

void DsrRouting::UseExtends (DsrRouteCacheEntry::IP_VECTOR rt)
{
  m_routeCache->UseExtends (rt);
}

bool DsrRouting::LookupRoute (Ipv4Address id, DsrRouteCacheEntry & rt)
{
  return m_routeCache->LookupRoute (id, rt);
}

bool DsrRouting::AddRoute_Link (DsrRouteCacheEntry::IP_VECTOR nodelist, Ipv4Address source)
{
  Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (source, nodelist);
  m_errorBuffer.DropPacketForErrLink (source, nextHop);
  return m_routeCache->AddRoute_Link (nodelist, source);
}

bool DsrRouting::AddRoute (DsrRouteCacheEntry & rt)
{
  std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodelist = rt.GetVector ();
  Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, nodelist);
  m_errorBuffer.DropPacketForErrLink (m_mainAddress, nextHop);
  return m_routeCache->AddRoute (rt);
}

void DsrRouting::DeleteAllRoutesIncludeLink (Ipv4Address errorSrc, Ipv4Address unreachNode, Ipv4Address node)
{
  m_routeCache->DeleteAllRoutesIncludeLink (errorSrc, unreachNode, node);
}

bool DsrRouting::UpdateRouteEntry (Ipv4Address dst)
{
  return m_routeCache->UpdateRouteEntry (dst);
}

bool DsrRouting::FindSourceEntry (Ipv4Address src, Ipv4Address dst, uint16_t id)
{
  return m_rreqTable->FindSourceEntry (src, dst, id);
}

Ipv4Address
DsrRouting::GetIPfromMAC (Mac48Address address)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << address);
  int32_t nNodes = NodeList::GetNNodes ();
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < nNodes; ++i)
    {
      Ptr<Node> node = NodeList::GetNode (i);
      Ptr<Ipv4> ipv4 = node->GetObject<Ipv4> ();
      Ptr<NetDevice> netDevice = ipv4->GetNetDevice (1);

      if (netDevice->GetAddress () == address)
        {
          return ipv4->GetAddress (1, 0).GetLocal ();
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

void DsrRouting::PrintVector (std::vector<Ipv4Address>& vec)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  /*
   * Check elements in a route vector
   */
  if (!vec.size ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The vector is empty");
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Print all the elements in a vector");
      for (std::vector<Ipv4Address>::const_iterator i = vec.begin (); i != vec.end (); ++i)
        {
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The ip address " << *i);
        }
    }
}

Ipv4Address DsrRouting::SearchNextHop (Ipv4Address ipv4Address, std::vector<Ipv4Address>& vec)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << ipv4Address);
  Ipv4Address nextHop;
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("the vector size " << vec.size ());
  if (vec.size () == 2)
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The two nodes are neighbors");
      nextHop = vec[1];
      return nextHop;
    }
  else
    {
      if (ipv4Address == vec.back ())
        {
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("We have reached to the final destination " << ipv4Address << " " << vec.back ());
          return ipv4Address;
        }
      for (std::vector<Ipv4Address>::const_iterator i = vec.begin (); i != vec.end (); ++i)
        {
          if (ipv4Address == (*i))
            {
              nextHop = *(++i);
              return nextHop;
            }
        }
    }
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Next hop address not found");
  Ipv4Address none = "0.0.0.0";
  return none;
}

Ptr<Ipv4Route>
DsrRouting::SetRoute (Ipv4Address nextHop, Ipv4Address srcAddress)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << nextHop << srcAddress);
  m_ipv4Route = Create<Ipv4Route> ();
  m_ipv4Route->SetDestination (nextHop);
  m_ipv4Route->SetGateway (nextHop);
  m_ipv4Route->SetSource (srcAddress);
  return m_ipv4Route;
}

int
DsrRouting::GetProtocolNumber (void) const
{
  // / This is the protocol number for DSR which is 48
  return PROT_NUMBER;
}

uint16_t
DsrRouting::GetIDfromIP (Ipv4Address address)
{
  int32_t nNodes = NodeList::GetNNodes ();
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < nNodes; ++i)
    {
      Ptr<Node> node = NodeList::GetNode (i);
      Ptr<Ipv4> ipv4 = node->GetObject<Ipv4> ();
      if (ipv4->GetAddress (1, 0).GetLocal () == address)
        {
          return uint16_t (i);
        }
    }
  return 256;
}

Ipv4Address
DsrRouting::GetIPfromID (uint16_t id)
{
  if (id >= 256)
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Exceed the node range");
      return "0.0.0.0";
    }
  else
    {
      Ptr<Node> node = NodeList::GetNode (uint32_t (id));
      Ptr<Ipv4> ipv4 = node->GetObject<Ipv4> ();
      return ipv4->GetAddress (1, 0).GetLocal ();
    }
}

uint32_t
DsrRouting::GetPriority (DsrMessageType messageType)
{
  if (messageType == DSR_CONTROL_PACKET)
    {
      return 0;
    }
  else
    {
      return 1;
    }
}

void DsrRouting::SendBuffTimerExpire ()
{
  if (m_sendBuffTimer.IsRunning ())
    {
      m_sendBuffTimer.Cancel ();
    }
  m_sendBuffTimer.Schedule (m_sendBuffInterval);
  CheckSendBuffer ();
}

void DsrRouting::CheckSendBuffer ()
{
  NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
               << " Checking send buffer at " << m_mainAddress << " with size " << m_sendBuffer.GetSize ());

  for (std::vector<DsrSendBuffEntry>::iterator i = m_sendBuffer.GetBuffer ().begin (); i != m_sendBuffer.GetBuffer ().end (); )
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Here we try to find the data packet in the send buffer");
      Ipv4Address destination = i->GetDestination ();
      DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
      bool findRoute = m_routeCache->LookupRoute (destination, toDst);
      if (findRoute)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("We have found a route for the packet");
          Ptr<const Packet> packet = i->GetPacket ();
          Ptr<Packet> cleanP = packet->Copy ();
          uint8_t protocol = i->GetProtocol ();

          i = m_sendBuffer.GetBuffer ().erase (i);

          DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
          Ptr<Packet> copyP = packet->Copy ();
          Ptr<Packet> dsrPacket = packet->Copy ();
          dsrPacket->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
          uint32_t offset = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();
          copyP->RemoveAtStart (offset); // Here the processed size is 8 bytes, which is the fixed sized extension header
          // The packet to get ipv4 header
          Ptr<Packet> ipv4P = copyP->Copy ();
          /*
           * Peek data to get the option type as well as length and segmentsLeft field
           */
          uint32_t size = copyP->GetSize ();
          uint8_t *data = new uint8_t[size];
          copyP->CopyData (data, size);

          uint8_t optionType = 0;
          optionType = *(data);

          if (optionType == 3)
            {
              Ptr<dsr::DsrOptions> dsrOption;
              DsrOptionHeader dsrOptionHeader;
              uint8_t errorType = *(data + 2);

              if (errorType == 1) // This is the Route Error Option
                {
                  DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader rerr;
                  copyP->RemoveHeader (rerr);
                  NS_ASSERT (copyP->GetSize () == 0);

                  DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader newUnreach;
                  newUnreach.SetErrorType (1);
                  newUnreach.SetErrorSrc (rerr.GetErrorSrc ());
                  newUnreach.SetUnreachNode (rerr.GetUnreachNode ());
                  newUnreach.SetErrorDst (rerr.GetErrorDst ());
                  newUnreach.SetSalvage (rerr.GetSalvage ()); // Set the value about whether to salvage a packet or not

                  DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
                  std::vector<Ipv4Address> errorRoute = toDst.GetVector ();
                  sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (errorRoute);
                  if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
                    {
                      m_routeCache->UseExtends (errorRoute);
                    }
                  sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((errorRoute.size () - 2));
                  uint8_t salvage = 0;
                  sourceRoute.SetSalvage (salvage);
                  Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, errorRoute); // Get the next hop address

                  if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
                    {
                      PacketNewRoute (dsrPacket, m_mainAddress, destination, protocol);
                      return;
                    }

                  SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
                  uint8_t length = (sourceRoute.GetLength () + newUnreach.GetLength ());
                  dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
                  dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
                  dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (m_mainAddress));
                  dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (255);
                  dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 4);
                  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (newUnreach);
                  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);

                  Ptr<Packet> newPacket = Create<Packet> ();
                  newPacket->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader); // Add the routing header with rerr and sourceRoute attached to it
                  Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
                  m_ipv4Route->SetOutputDevice (dev);

                  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET); 
                  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
                  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
                  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Will be inserting into priority queue number: " << priority);

                  //m_downTarget (newPacket, m_mainAddress, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), m_ipv4Route);

                 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (newPacket, m_mainAddress, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), m_ipv4Route);

                 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
                   {
                     Scheduler (priority);
                   }
                 else
                   {
                     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
                   }
                }
            }
          else
            {
              dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
              dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
              dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (m_mainAddress));
              dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (destination));

              DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
              std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = toDst.GetVector (); // Get the route from the route entry we found
              Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, nodeList);  // Get the next hop address for the route
              if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
                {
                  PacketNewRoute (dsrPacket, m_mainAddress, destination, protocol);
                  return;
                }
              uint8_t salvage = 0;
              sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (nodeList); // Save the whole route in the source route header of the packet
              sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((nodeList.size () - 2)); // The segmentsLeft field will indicate the hops to go
              sourceRoute.SetSalvage (salvage);
              if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
                {
                  m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
                }
              uint8_t length = sourceRoute.GetLength ();
              dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
              dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
              cleanP->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
              Ptr<const Packet> mtP = cleanP->Copy ();
              // Put the data packet in the maintenance queue for data packet retransmission
              DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry (/*Packet=*/ mtP, /*Ipv4Address=*/ m_mainAddress, /*nextHop=*/ nextHop,
                                                      /*source=*/ m_mainAddress, /*destination=*/ destination, /*ackId=*/ 0,
                                                      /*SegsLeft=*/ nodeList.size () - 2, /*expire time=*/ m_maxMaintainTime);
              bool result = m_maintainBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry); // Enqueue the packet the the maintenance buffer
              if (result)
                {
                  NetworkKey networkKey;
                  networkKey.m_ackId = newEntry.GetAckId ();
                  networkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
                  networkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();
                  networkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
                  networkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();

                  PassiveKey passiveKey;
                  passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
                  passiveKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
                  passiveKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
                  passiveKey.m_segsLeft = newEntry.GetSegsLeft ();

                  LinkKey linkKey;
                  linkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
                  linkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
                  linkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
                  linkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();

                  m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
                  m_passiveCnt[passiveKey] = 0;
                  m_linkCnt[linkKey] = 0;

                  if (m_linkAck)
                    {
                      ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Not using link acknowledgment");
                      if (nextHop != destination)
                        {
                          SchedulePassivePacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                        }
                      else
                        {
                          // This is the first network retry
                          ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (newEntry, true, protocol);
                        }
                    }
                }
              // we need to suspend the normal timer that checks the send buffer
              // until we are done sending packets
              if (!m_sendBuffTimer.IsSuspended ())
                {
                  m_sendBuffTimer.Suspend ();
                }
              Simulator::Schedule (m_sendBuffInterval, &DsrRouting::SendBuffTimerExpire, this);
              return;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          ++i;
        }
    }
  //after going through the entire send buffer and send all packets found route,
  //we need to resume the timer if it has been suspended
  if (m_sendBuffTimer.IsSuspended ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Resume the send buffer timer");
      m_sendBuffTimer.Resume ();
    }
}

bool DsrRouting::PromiscReceive (Ptr<NetDevice> device, Ptr<const Packet> packet, uint16_t protocol, const Address &from,
                                 const Address &to, NetDevice::PacketType packetType)
{

  if (protocol != Ipv4L3Protocol::PROT_NUMBER)
    {
      return false;
    }
  // Remove the ipv4 header here
  Ptr<Packet> pktMinusIpHdr = packet->Copy ();
  Ipv4Header ipv4Header;
  pktMinusIpHdr->RemoveHeader(ipv4Header);

  if (ipv4Header.GetProtocol () != DsrRouting::PROT_NUMBER)
    {
      return false;
    }
  // Remove the dsr routing header here
  Ptr<Packet> pktMinusDsrHdr = pktMinusIpHdr->Copy ();
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRouting;
  pktMinusDsrHdr->RemoveHeader (dsrRouting);

  /*
   * Message type 2 means the data packet, we will further process the data
   * packet for delivery notification, safely ignore control packet
   * Another check here is our own address, if this is the data destinated for us,
   * process it further, otherwise, just ignore it
   */
  Ipv4Address ourAddress = m_ipv4->GetAddress (1, 0).GetLocal ();
  // check if the message type is 2 and if the ipv4 address matches
  if (dsrRouting.GetMessageType () == 2 && ourAddress == m_mainAddress)
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("data packet receives " << packet->GetUid ());
      Ipv4Address sourceIp = GetIPfromID (dsrRouting.GetSourceId ());
      Ipv4Address destinationIp = GetIPfromID ( dsrRouting.GetDestId ());
      Ipv4Address previousHop = GetIPfromMAC (Mac48Address::ConvertFrom (from));

      Ptr<Packet> p = Create<Packet> ();
      // Here the segments left value need to plus one to check the earlier hop maintain buffer entry
      DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry;
      newEntry.SetPacket (p);
      newEntry.SetSrc (sourceIp);
      newEntry.SetDst (destinationIp);
      newEntry.SetOurAdd (previousHop);
      newEntry.SetNextHop (ourAddress);
      Ptr<Node> node = GetNodeWithAddress (previousHop);
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The previous node " << previousHop);

      Ptr<dsr::DsrRouting> dsr = node->GetObject<dsr::DsrRouting> ();
      dsr->CancelLinkPacketTimer (newEntry);
    }

  // Receive only IP packets and packets destined for other hosts
  if (packetType == NetDevice::PACKET_OTHERHOST)
    {
      //just to minimize debug output
      NS_LOG_INFO (this << from << to << packetType << *pktMinusIpHdr);

      uint8_t offset = dsrRouting.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();        // Get the offset for option header, 4 bytes in this case
      uint8_t nextHeader = dsrRouting.GetNextHeader ();
      uint32_t sourceId = dsrRouting.GetSourceId ();
      Ipv4Address source = GetIPfromID (sourceId);

      // This packet is used to peek option type
      pktMinusIpHdr->RemoveAtStart (offset);
      /*
       * Peek data to get the option type as well as length and segmentsLeft field
       */
      uint32_t size = pktMinusIpHdr->GetSize ();
      uint8_t *data = new uint8_t[size];
      pktMinusIpHdr->CopyData (data, size);
      uint8_t optionType = 0;
      optionType = *(data);

      Ptr<dsr::DsrOptions> dsrOption;

      if (optionType == 96)        // This is the source route option
        {
          Ipv4Address promiscSource = GetIPfromMAC (Mac48Address::ConvertFrom (from));
          dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);       // Get the relative DSR option and demux to the process function
          NS_LOG_DEBUG (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds () <<
                        " DSR node " << m_mainAddress <<
                        " overhearing packet PID: " << pktMinusIpHdr->GetUid () <<
                        " from " << promiscSource <<
                        " to " << GetIPfromMAC (Mac48Address::ConvertFrom (to)) <<
                        " with source IP " << ipv4Header.GetSource () <<
                        " and destination IP " << ipv4Header.GetDestination () <<
                        " and packet : " << *pktMinusDsrHdr);

          bool isPromisc = true;                     // Set the boolean value isPromisc as true
          dsrOption->Process (pktMinusIpHdr, pktMinusDsrHdr, m_mainAddress, source, ipv4Header, nextHeader, isPromisc, promiscSource);
          return true;

        }
    }
  return false;
}

void
DsrRouting::PacketNewRoute (Ptr<Packet> packet,
                            Ipv4Address source,
                            Ipv4Address destination,
                            uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << destination << (uint32_t)protocol);
  // Look up routes for the specific destination
  DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
  bool findRoute = m_routeCache->LookupRoute (destination, toDst);
  // Queue the packet if there is no route pre-existing
  if (!findRoute)
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
                   << "s " << m_mainAddress << " there is no route for this packet, queue the packet");

      Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();
      DsrSendBuffEntry newEntry (p, destination, m_sendBufferTimeout, protocol);     // Create a new entry for send buffer
      bool result = m_sendBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);     // Enqueue the packet in send buffer
      if (result)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
                       << "s Add packet PID: " << packet->GetUid () << " to queue. Packet: " << *packet);

          NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Send RREQ to" << destination);
          if ((m_addressReqTimer.find (destination) == m_addressReqTimer.end ()) && (m_nonPropReqTimer.find (destination) == m_nonPropReqTimer.end ()))
            {
              /*
               * Call the send request function, it will update the request table entry and ttl there
               */
              SendInitialRequest (source, destination, protocol);
            }
        }
    }
  else
    {
      Ptr<Packet> cleanP = packet->Copy ();
      DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (source));
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (destination));

      DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = toDst.GetVector ();     // Get the route from the route entry we found
      Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, nodeList);      // Get the next hop address for the route
      if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
        {
          PacketNewRoute (cleanP, source, destination, protocol);
          return;
        }
      uint8_t salvage = 0;
      sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (nodeList);     // Save the whole route in the source route header of the packet
      if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
        {
          m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
        }
      sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((nodeList.size () - 2));     // The segmentsLeft field will indicate the hops to go
      sourceRoute.SetSalvage (salvage);

      uint8_t length = sourceRoute.GetLength ();
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
      dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
      cleanP->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
      Ptr<const Packet> mtP = cleanP->Copy ();
      SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      // Put the data packet in the maintenance queue for data packet retransmission
      DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry (/*Packet=*/ mtP, /*Ipv4Address=*/ m_mainAddress, /*nextHop=*/ nextHop,
                                              /*source=*/ source, /*destination=*/ destination, /*ackId=*/ 0,
                                              /*SegsLeft=*/ nodeList.size () - 2, /*expire time=*/ m_maxMaintainTime);
      bool result = m_maintainBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);     // Enqueue the packet the the maintenance buffer

      if (result)
        {
          NetworkKey networkKey;
          networkKey.m_ackId = newEntry.GetAckId ();
          networkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
          networkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();
          networkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
          networkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();

          PassiveKey passiveKey;
          passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
          passiveKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
          passiveKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
          passiveKey.m_segsLeft = newEntry.GetSegsLeft ();

          LinkKey linkKey;
          linkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
          linkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
          linkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
          linkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();

          m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
          m_passiveCnt[passiveKey] = 0;
          m_linkCnt[linkKey] = 0;

          if (m_linkAck)
            {
              ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
            }
          else
            {
              NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Not using link acknowledgment");
              if (nextHop != destination)
                {
                  SchedulePassivePacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                }
              else
                {
                  // This is the first network retry
                  ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (newEntry, true, protocol);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::SendUnreachError (Ipv4Address unreachNode, Ipv4Address destination, Ipv4Address originalDst, uint8_t salvage, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << unreachNode << destination << originalDst << (uint32_t)salvage << (uint32_t)protocol);
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (m_mainAddress));
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (destination));

  DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader rerrUnreachHeader;
  rerrUnreachHeader.SetErrorType (1);
  rerrUnreachHeader.SetErrorSrc (m_mainAddress);
  rerrUnreachHeader.SetUnreachNode (unreachNode);
  rerrUnreachHeader.SetErrorDst (destination);
  rerrUnreachHeader.SetOriginalDst (originalDst);
  rerrUnreachHeader.SetSalvage (salvage);                       // Set the value about whether to salvage a packet or not
  uint8_t rerrLength = rerrUnreachHeader.GetLength ();


  DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
  bool findRoute = m_routeCache->LookupRoute (destination, toDst);
  // Queue the packet if there is no route pre-existing
  Ptr<Packet> newPacket = Create<Packet> ();
  if (!findRoute)
    {
      if (destination == m_mainAddress)
      {
        NS_LOG_INFO ("We are the error source, send request to original dst " << originalDst);
        // Send error request message if we are the source node
        SendErrorRequest (rerrUnreachHeader, protocol);
      }
      else 
      {
        NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
                     << "s " << m_mainAddress << " there is no route for this packet, queue the packet");

        dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (rerrLength + 2);
        dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rerrUnreachHeader);
        newPacket->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
        Ptr<Packet> p = newPacket->Copy ();
        // Save the error packet in the error buffer
        DsrErrorBuffEntry newEntry (p, destination, m_mainAddress, unreachNode, m_sendBufferTimeout, protocol);
        bool result = m_errorBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);                    // Enqueue the packet in send buffer
        if (result)
          {
            NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
                         << "s Add packet PID: " << p->GetUid () << " to queue. Packet: " << *p);
            NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Send RREQ to" << destination);
            if ((m_addressReqTimer.find (destination) == m_addressReqTimer.end ()) && (m_nonPropReqTimer.find (destination) == m_nonPropReqTimer.end ()))
              {
                NS_LOG_DEBUG ("When there is no existing route request for " << destination << ", initialize one");
                /*
                 * Call the send request function, it will update the request table entry and ttl there
                 */
                SendInitialRequest (m_mainAddress, destination, protocol);
              }
          }
      }
    }
  else
    {
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = toDst.GetVector ();
      Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, nodeList);
      if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
        {
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The route is not right");
          PacketNewRoute (newPacket, m_mainAddress, destination, protocol);
          return;
        }
      DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
      sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (nodeList);
      if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
        {
          m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
        }
      sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((nodeList.size () - 2));
      uint8_t srLength = sourceRoute.GetLength ();
      uint8_t length = (srLength + rerrLength);

      dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 4);
      dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rerrUnreachHeader);
      dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
      newPacket->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);

      SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
      m_ipv4Route->SetOutputDevice (dev);
      NS_LOG_INFO ("Send the packet to the next hop address " << nextHop << " from " << m_mainAddress << " with the size " << newPacket->GetSize ());

      uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET);
      std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
      Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Will be inserting into priority queue " << dsrNetworkQueue << " number: " << priority);

      //m_downTarget (newPacket, m_mainAddress, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), m_ipv4Route);

     DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (newPacket, m_mainAddress, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), m_ipv4Route);

     if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
       {
         Scheduler (priority);
       }
     else
       {
         NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
       }
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::ForwardErrPacket (DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader &rerr,
                              DsrOptionSRHeader &sourceRoute,
                              Ipv4Address nextHop,
                              uint8_t protocol,
                              Ptr<Ipv4Route> route)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << rerr << sourceRoute << nextHop << (uint32_t)protocol << route);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (rerr.GetErrorSrc ()));
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (rerr.GetErrorDst ()));

  uint8_t length = (sourceRoute.GetLength () + rerr.GetLength ());
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 4);
  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rerr);
  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
  Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> ();
  packet->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
  Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
  route->SetOutputDevice (dev);

  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET);
  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Will be inserting into priority queue " << dsrNetworkQueue << " number: " << priority);

  //m_downTarget (packet, m_mainAddress, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), route);

 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (packet, m_mainAddress, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), route);

 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
   {
     Scheduler (priority);
   }
 else
   {
     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
   }
}

void
DsrRouting::Send (Ptr<Packet> packet,
                  Ipv4Address source,
                  Ipv4Address destination,
                  uint8_t protocol,
                  Ptr<Ipv4Route> route)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << destination << (uint32_t)protocol << route);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");

  if (protocol == 1)
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("Drop packet. Not handling ICMP packet for now");
    }
  else
    {
      // Look up routes for the specific destination
      DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
      bool findRoute = m_routeCache->LookupRoute (destination, toDst);
      // Queue the packet if there is no route pre-existing
      if (!findRoute)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
                       << "s " << m_mainAddress << " there is no route for this packet, queue the packet");

          Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();
          DsrSendBuffEntry newEntry (p, destination, m_sendBufferTimeout, protocol);     // Create a new entry for send buffer
          bool result = m_sendBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);     // Enqueue the packet in send buffer
          if (result)
            {
              NS_LOG_INFO (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds ()
                           << "s Add packet PID: " << packet->GetUid () << " to send buffer. Packet: " << *packet);
              // Only when there is no existing route request timer when new route request is scheduled
              if ((m_addressReqTimer.find (destination) == m_addressReqTimer.end ()) && (m_nonPropReqTimer.find (destination) == m_nonPropReqTimer.end ()))
                {
                  /*
                   * Call the send request function, it will update the request table entry and ttl value
                   */
                  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Send initial RREQ to " << destination);
                  SendInitialRequest (source, destination, protocol);
                }
              else
                {
                  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("There is existing route request timer with request count " << m_rreqTable->GetRreqCnt (destination));
                }
            }
        }
      else
        {
          Ptr<Packet> cleanP = packet->Copy ();
          DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (source));
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (destination));

          DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
          std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = toDst.GetVector ();       // Get the route from the route entry we found
          Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, nodeList);        // Get the next hop address for the route
          if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
            {
              PacketNewRoute (cleanP, source, destination, protocol);
              return;
            }
          uint8_t salvage = 0;
          sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (nodeList);       // Save the whole route in the source route header of the packet
          if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
            {
              m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
            }
          sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((nodeList.size () - 2));       // The segmentsLeft field will indicate the hops to go
          sourceRoute.SetSalvage (salvage);

          uint8_t length = sourceRoute.GetLength ();

          dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
          dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
          cleanP->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);

          Ptr<const Packet> mtP = cleanP->Copy ();
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("maintain packet size " << cleanP->GetSize ());
          // Put the data packet in the maintenance queue for data packet retransmission
          DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry (/*Packet=*/ mtP, /*ourAddress=*/ m_mainAddress, /*nextHop=*/ nextHop,
                                                  /*source=*/ source, /*destination=*/ destination, /*ackId=*/ 0,
                                                  /*SegsLeft=*/ nodeList.size () - 2, /*expire time=*/ m_maxMaintainTime);
          bool result = m_maintainBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);       // Enqueue the packet the the maintenance buffer
          if (result)
            {
              NetworkKey networkKey;
              networkKey.m_ackId = newEntry.GetAckId ();
              networkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
              networkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();
              networkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
              networkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();

              PassiveKey passiveKey;
              passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
              passiveKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
              passiveKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
              passiveKey.m_segsLeft = newEntry.GetSegsLeft ();

              LinkKey linkKey;
              linkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
              linkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
              linkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
              linkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();

              m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
              m_passiveCnt[passiveKey] = 0;
              m_linkCnt[linkKey] = 0;

              if (m_linkAck)
                {
                  ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                }
              else
                {
                  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Not using link acknowledgment");
                  if (nextHop != destination)
                    {
                      SchedulePassivePacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      // This is the first network retry
                      ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (newEntry, true, protocol);
                    }
                }
            }

          if (m_sendBuffer.GetSize () != 0 && m_sendBuffer.Find (destination))
            {
              // Try to send packet from *previously* queued entries from send buffer if any
              Simulator::Schedule (MilliSeconds (m_uniformRandomVariable->GetInteger (0,100)),
                                   &DsrRouting::SendPacketFromBuffer, this, sourceRoute, nextHop, protocol);
            }
        }
    }
}

uint16_t
DsrRouting::AddAckReqHeader (Ptr<Packet>& packet, Ipv4Address nextHop)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << nextHop);
  // This packet is used to peek option type
  Ptr<Packet> dsrP = packet->Copy ();
  Ptr<Packet> tmpP = packet->Copy ();

  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrP->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);          // Remove the DSR header in whole
  uint8_t protocol = dsrRoutingHeader.GetNextHeader ();
  uint32_t sourceId = dsrRoutingHeader.GetSourceId ();
  uint32_t destinationId = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDestId ();
  uint32_t offset = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();
  tmpP->RemoveAtStart (offset);       // Here the processed size is 8 bytes, which is the fixed sized extension header

  // Get the number of routers' address field
  uint8_t buf[2];
  tmpP->CopyData (buf, sizeof(buf));
  uint8_t numberAddress = (buf[1] - 2) / 4;
  DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
  sourceRoute.SetNumberAddress (numberAddress);
  tmpP->RemoveHeader (sourceRoute);               // this is a clean packet without any dsr involved headers

  DsrOptionAckReqHeader ackReq;
  m_ackId = m_routeCache->CheckUniqueAckId (nextHop);
  ackReq.SetAckId (m_ackId);
  uint8_t length = (sourceRoute.GetLength () + ackReq.GetLength ());
  DsrRoutingHeader newDsrRoutingHeader;
  newDsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
  newDsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
  newDsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (sourceId);
  newDsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (destinationId);
  newDsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (length + 4);
  newDsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
  newDsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (ackReq);
  dsrP->AddHeader (newDsrRoutingHeader);
  // give the dsrP value to packet and then return
  packet = dsrP;
  return m_ackId;
}

void
DsrRouting::SendPacket (Ptr<Packet> packet, Ipv4Address source, Ipv4Address nextHop, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << nextHop << (uint32_t)protocol);
  // Send out the data packet
  m_ipv4Route = SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
  Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
  m_ipv4Route->SetOutputDevice (dev);

  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_DATA_PACKET);
  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
  NS_LOG_INFO ("Will be inserting into priority queue number: " << priority);

  //m_downTarget (packet, source, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), m_ipv4Route);

 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (packet, source, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), m_ipv4Route);

 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
   {
     Scheduler (priority);
   }
 else
   {
     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
   }
}

void
DsrRouting::Scheduler (uint32_t priority)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  PriorityScheduler (priority, true);
}

void
DsrRouting::PriorityScheduler (uint32_t priority, bool continueWithFirst)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << priority << continueWithFirst);
  uint32_t numPriorities;
  if (continueWithFirst)
    {
      numPriorities = 0;
    }
  else
    {
      numPriorities = priority;
    }
  // priorities ranging from 0 to m_numPriorityQueues, with 0 as the highest priority
  for (uint32_t i = priority; numPriorities < m_numPriorityQueues; numPriorities++)
    {
      std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator q = m_priorityQueue.find (i);
      Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = q->second;
      uint32_t queueSize = dsrNetworkQueue->GetSize ();
      if (queueSize == 0)
        {
          if ((i == (m_numPriorityQueues - 1)) && continueWithFirst)
            {
              i = 0;
            }
          else
            {
              i++;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          uint32_t totalQueueSize = 0;
          for (std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator j = m_priorityQueue.begin (); j != m_priorityQueue.end (); j++)
            {
              NS_LOG_INFO ("The size of the network queue for " << j->first << " is " << j->second->GetSize ());
              totalQueueSize += j->second->GetSize ();
              NS_LOG_INFO ("The total network queue size is " << totalQueueSize);
            }
          if (totalQueueSize > 5)
            {
              // Here the queue size is larger than 5, we need to increase the retransmission timer for each packet in the network queue
              IncreaseRetransTimer ();
            }
          DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry;
          dsrNetworkQueue->Dequeue (newEntry);
          if (SendRealDown (newEntry))
            {
              NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Packet sent by Dsr. Calling PriorityScheduler after some time");
              // packet was successfully sent down. call scheduler after some time
              Simulator::Schedule (MicroSeconds (m_uniformRandomVariable->GetInteger (0, 1000)),
                                   &DsrRouting::PriorityScheduler,this, i, false);
            }
          else
            {
              // packet was dropped by Dsr. Call scheduler immediately so that we can
              // send another packet immediately.
              NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Packet dropped by Dsr. Calling PriorityScheduler immediately");
              Simulator::Schedule (Seconds (0), &DsrRouting::PriorityScheduler, this, i, false);
            }

          if ((i == (m_numPriorityQueues - 1)) && continueWithFirst)
            {
              i = 0;
            }
          else
            {
              i++;
            }
        }
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::IncreaseRetransTimer ()
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  // We may want to get the queue first and then we need to save a vector of the entries here and then find
  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_DATA_PACKET);
  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;

  std::vector<DsrNetworkQueueEntry> newNetworkQueue = dsrNetworkQueue->GetQueue ();
  for (std::vector<DsrNetworkQueueEntry>::iterator i = newNetworkQueue.begin (); i != newNetworkQueue.end (); i++)
    {
      Ipv4Address nextHop = i->GetNextHopAddress ();
      for (std::map<NetworkKey, Timer>::iterator j = m_addressForwardTimer.begin (); j != m_addressForwardTimer.end (); j++)
        {
          if (nextHop == j->first.m_nextHop)
            {
              NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The network delay left is " << j->second.GetDelayLeft ());
              j->second.SetDelay (j->second.GetDelayLeft () + m_retransIncr);
            }
        }
    }
}

bool
DsrRouting::SendRealDown (DsrNetworkQueueEntry & newEntry)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  Ipv4Address source = newEntry.GetSourceAddress ();
  Ipv4Address nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHopAddress ();
  Ptr<Packet> packet = newEntry.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
  Ptr<Ipv4Route> route = newEntry.GetIpv4Route ();
  m_downTarget (packet, source, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), route);
  return true;
}

void
DsrRouting::SendPacketFromBuffer (DsrOptionSRHeader const &sourceRoute, Ipv4Address nextHop, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << nextHop << (uint32_t)protocol);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");

  // Reconstruct the route and Retransmit the data packet
  std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = sourceRoute.GetNodesAddress ();
  Ipv4Address destination = nodeList.back ();
  Ipv4Address source = nodeList.front ();       // Get the source address
  NS_LOG_INFO ("The nexthop address " << nextHop << " the source " << source << " the destination " << destination);
  /*
   * Here we try to find data packet from send buffer, if packet with this destination found, send it out
   */
  if (m_sendBuffer.Find (destination))
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("destination over here " << destination);

      if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
        {
          m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
        }
      DsrSendBuffEntry entry;
      if (m_sendBuffer.Dequeue (destination, entry))
        {
          Ptr<Packet> packet = entry.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
          Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();      // get a copy of the packet
          // Set the source route option
          DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (source));
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (destination));

          uint8_t length = sourceRoute.GetLength ();
          dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
          dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);

          p->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);

          Ptr<const Packet> mtP = p->Copy ();
          // Put the data packet in the maintenance queue for data packet retransmission
          DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry (/*Packet=*/ mtP, /*ourAddress=*/ m_mainAddress, /*nextHop=*/ nextHop,
                                      /*source=*/ source, /*destination=*/ destination, /*ackId=*/ 0,
                                      /*SegsLeft=*/ nodeList.size () - 2, /*expire time=*/ m_maxMaintainTime);
          bool result = m_maintainBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);       // Enqueue the packet the the maintenance buffer

          if (result)
            {
              NetworkKey networkKey;
              networkKey.m_ackId = newEntry.GetAckId ();
              networkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
              networkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();
              networkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
              networkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();

              PassiveKey passiveKey;
              passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
              passiveKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
              passiveKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
              passiveKey.m_segsLeft = newEntry.GetSegsLeft ();

              LinkKey linkKey;
              linkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
              linkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
              linkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
              linkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();

              m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
              m_passiveCnt[passiveKey] = 0;
              m_linkCnt[linkKey] = 0;

              if (m_linkAck)
                {
                  ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                }
              else
                {
                  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Not using link acknowledgment");
                  if (nextHop != destination)
                    {
                      SchedulePassivePacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      // This is the first network retry
                      ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (newEntry, true, protocol);
                    }
                }
            }

          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("send buffer size here and the destination " << m_sendBuffer.GetSize() << " " << destination);
          if (m_sendBuffer.GetSize () != 0 && m_sendBuffer.Find (destination))
            {
              NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Schedule sending the next packet in send buffer");
              Simulator::Schedule (MilliSeconds (m_uniformRandomVariable->GetInteger (0,100)),
                                   &DsrRouting::SendPacketFromBuffer, this, sourceRoute, nextHop, protocol);
            }
        }
      else
        {
          NS_LOG_LOGIC ("All queued packets are out-dated for the destination in send buffer");
        }
    }
  /*
   * Here we try to find data packet from send buffer, if packet with this destiantion found, send it out
   */
  else if (m_errorBuffer.Find (destination))
    {
      DsrErrorBuffEntry entry;
      if (m_errorBuffer.Dequeue (destination, entry))
        {
          Ptr<Packet> packet = entry.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The queued packet size " << packet->GetSize ());

          DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
          Ptr<Packet> copyP = packet->Copy ();
          Ptr<Packet> dsrPacket = packet->Copy ();
          dsrPacket->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
          uint32_t offset = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();
          copyP->RemoveAtStart (offset);       // Here the processed size is 8 bytes, which is the fixed sized extension header
          /*
           * Peek data to get the option type as well as length and segmentsLeft field
           */
          uint32_t size = copyP->GetSize ();
          uint8_t *data = new uint8_t[size];
          copyP->CopyData (data, size);

          uint8_t optionType = 0;
          optionType = *(data);
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The option type value in send packet " << (uint32_t)optionType);
          if (optionType == 3)
            {
              NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The packet is error packet");
              Ptr<dsr::DsrOptions> dsrOption;
              DsrOptionHeader dsrOptionHeader;

              uint8_t errorType = *(data + 2);
              NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The error type");
              if (errorType == 1)
                {
                  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The packet is route error unreach packet");
                  DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader rerr;
                  copyP->RemoveHeader (rerr);
                  NS_ASSERT (copyP->GetSize () == 0);
                  uint8_t length = (sourceRoute.GetLength () + rerr.GetLength ());

                  DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader newUnreach;
                  newUnreach.SetErrorType (1);
                  newUnreach.SetErrorSrc (rerr.GetErrorSrc ());
                  newUnreach.SetUnreachNode (rerr.GetUnreachNode ());
                  newUnreach.SetErrorDst (rerr.GetErrorDst ());
                  newUnreach.SetOriginalDst (rerr.GetOriginalDst ());
                  newUnreach.SetSalvage (rerr.GetSalvage ());       // Set the value about whether to salvage a packet or not

                  std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = sourceRoute.GetNodesAddress ();
                  DsrRoutingHeader newRoutingHeader;
                  newRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
                  newRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
                  newRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (rerr.GetErrorSrc ()));
                  newRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (rerr.GetErrorDst ()));
                  newRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 4);
                  newRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (newUnreach);
                  newRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
                  if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
                    {
                      m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
                    }
                  SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
                  Ptr<Packet> newPacket = Create<Packet> ();
                  newPacket->AddHeader (newRoutingHeader);       // Add the extension header with rerr and sourceRoute attached to it
                  Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
                  m_ipv4Route->SetOutputDevice (dev);

                  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET);
                  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
                  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
                  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Will be inserting into priority queue " << dsrNetworkQueue << " number: " << priority);

                  //m_downTarget (newPacket, m_mainAddress, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), m_ipv4Route);

                 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (newPacket, m_mainAddress, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), m_ipv4Route);

                 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
                   {
                     Scheduler (priority);
                   }
                 else
                   {
                     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
                   }
                }
            }

          if (m_errorBuffer.GetSize () != 0 && m_errorBuffer.Find (destination))
            {
              NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Schedule sending the next packet in error buffer");
              Simulator::Schedule (MilliSeconds (m_uniformRandomVariable->GetInteger (0,100)),
                                   &DsrRouting::SendPacketFromBuffer, this, sourceRoute, nextHop, protocol);
            }
        }
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Packet not found in either the send or error buffer");
    }
}

bool
DsrRouting::PassiveEntryCheck (Ptr<Packet> packet, Ipv4Address source, Ipv4Address destination, uint8_t segsLeft,
                    uint16_t fragmentOffset, uint16_t identification, bool saveEntry)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << destination << (uint32_t)segsLeft);

  Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();
  // Here the segments left value need to plus one to check the earlier hop maintain buffer entry
  DsrPassiveBuffEntry newEntry;
  newEntry.SetPacket (p);
  newEntry.SetSource (source);
  newEntry.SetDestination (destination);
  newEntry.SetIdentification (identification);
  newEntry.SetFragmentOffset (fragmentOffset);
  newEntry.SetSegsLeft (segsLeft);  // We try to make sure the segments left is larger for 1


  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The passive buffer size " << m_passiveBuffer->GetSize());

  if (m_passiveBuffer->AllEqual (newEntry) && (!saveEntry))
    {
      // The PromiscEqual function will remove the maintain buffer entry if equal value found
      // It only compares the source and destination address, ackId, and the segments left value
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("We get the all equal for passive buffer here");

      DsrMaintainBuffEntry mbEntry;
      mbEntry.SetPacket (p);
      mbEntry.SetSrc (source);
      mbEntry.SetDst (destination);
      mbEntry.SetAckId (0);
      mbEntry.SetSegsLeft (segsLeft + 1);

      CancelPassivePacketTimer (mbEntry);
      return true;
    }
  if (saveEntry)
    {
      m_passiveBuffer->Enqueue (newEntry);
    }
  return false;
}

bool
DsrRouting::CancelPassiveTimer (Ptr<Packet> packet, Ipv4Address source, Ipv4Address destination,
                                 uint8_t segsLeft)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << destination << (uint32_t)segsLeft);

  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Cancel the passive timer");

  Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();
  // Here the segments left value need to plus one to check the earlier hop maintain buffer entry
  DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry;
  newEntry.SetPacket (p);
  newEntry.SetSrc (source);
  newEntry.SetDst (destination);
  newEntry.SetAckId (0);
  newEntry.SetSegsLeft (segsLeft + 1);

  if (m_maintainBuffer.PromiscEqual (newEntry))
    {
      // The PromiscEqual function will remove the maintain buffer entry if equal value found
      // It only compares the source and destination address, ackId, and the segments left value
      CancelPassivePacketTimer (newEntry);
      return true;
    }
  return false;
}

void
DsrRouting::CallCancelPacketTimer (uint16_t ackId, Ipv4Header const& ipv4Header, Ipv4Address realSrc, Ipv4Address realDst)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << (uint32_t)ackId << ipv4Header << realSrc << realDst);
  Ipv4Address sender = ipv4Header.GetDestination ();
  Ipv4Address receiver = ipv4Header.GetSource ();
  /*
   * Create a packet to fill maintenance buffer, not used to compare with maintainance entry
   * The reason is ack header doesn't have the original packet copy
   */
  Ptr<Packet> mainP = Create<Packet> ();
  DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry (/*Packet=*/ mainP, /*ourAddress=*/ sender, /*nextHop=*/ receiver,
                                          /*source=*/ realSrc, /*destination=*/ realDst, /*ackId=*/ ackId,
                                          /*SegsLeft=*/ 0, /*expire time=*/ Simulator::Now ());
  CancelNetworkPacketTimer (newEntry);  // Only need to cancel network packet timer
}

void 
DsrRouting::CancelPacketAllTimer (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  CancelLinkPacketTimer (mb);
  CancelNetworkPacketTimer (mb);
  CancelPassivePacketTimer (mb);
}

void
DsrRouting::CancelLinkPacketTimer (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  LinkKey linkKey;
  linkKey.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
  linkKey.m_nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
  linkKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  linkKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  /*
   * Here we have found the entry for send retries, so we get the value and increase it by one
   */
  m_linkCnt[linkKey] = 0;
  m_linkCnt.erase (linkKey);

  // TODO if find the linkkey, we need to remove it

  // Find the network acknowledgment timer
  std::map<LinkKey, Timer>::const_iterator i =
    m_linkAckTimer.find (linkKey);
  if (i == m_linkAckTimer.end ())
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("did not find the link timer");
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("did find the link timer");
      /*
       * Schedule the packet retry
       * Push back the nextHop, source, destination address
       */
      m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].Cancel ();
      m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].Remove ();
      if (m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].IsRunning ())
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Timer not canceled");
        }
      m_linkAckTimer.erase (linkKey);
    }

  // Erase the maintenance entry
  // yet this does not check the segments left value here
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The link buffer size " << m_maintainBuffer.GetSize());
  if (m_maintainBuffer.LinkEqual (mb))
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("Link acknowledgment received, remove same maintenance buffer entry");
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::CancelNetworkPacketTimer (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  NetworkKey networkKey;
  networkKey.m_ackId = mb.GetAckId ();
  networkKey.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
  networkKey.m_nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
  networkKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  networkKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  /*
   * Here we have found the entry for send retries, so we get the value and increase it by one
   */
  m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
  m_addressForwardCnt.erase (networkKey);

  NS_LOG_INFO ("ackId " << mb.GetAckId () << " ourAdd " << mb.GetOurAdd () << " nextHop " << mb.GetNextHop ()
                        << " source " << mb.GetSrc () << " destination " << mb.GetDst ()
                        << " segsLeft " << (uint32_t)mb.GetSegsLeft ()
               );
  // Find the network acknowledgment timer
  std::map<NetworkKey, Timer>::const_iterator i =
    m_addressForwardTimer.find (networkKey);
  if (i == m_addressForwardTimer.end ())
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("did not find the packet timer");
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("did find the packet timer");
      /*
       * Schedule the packet retry
       * Push back the nextHop, source, destination address
       */
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].Cancel ();
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].Remove ();
      if (m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].IsRunning ())
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Timer not canceled");
        }
      m_addressForwardTimer.erase (networkKey);
    }
  // Erase the maintenance entry
  // yet this does not check the segments left value here
  if (m_maintainBuffer.NetworkEqual (mb))
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("Remove same maintenance buffer entry based on network acknowledgment");
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::CancelPassivePacketTimer (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this);
  PassiveKey passiveKey;
  passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
  passiveKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  passiveKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  passiveKey.m_segsLeft = mb.GetSegsLeft ();

  m_passiveCnt[passiveKey] = 0;
  m_passiveCnt.erase (passiveKey);

  // Find the passive acknowledgment timer
  std::map<PassiveKey, Timer>::const_iterator j =
    m_passiveAckTimer.find (passiveKey);
  if (j == m_passiveAckTimer.end ())
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("did not find the passive timer");
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("find the passive timer");
      /*
       * Cancel passive acknowledgment timer
       */
      m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].Cancel ();
      m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].Remove ();
      if (m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].IsRunning ())
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Timer not canceled");
        }
      m_passiveAckTimer.erase (passiveKey);
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::CancelPacketTimerNextHop (Ipv4Address nextHop, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << nextHop << (uint32_t)protocol);

  DsrMaintainBuffEntry entry;
  std::vector<Ipv4Address> previousErrorDst;
  if (m_maintainBuffer.Dequeue (nextHop, entry))
    {
      Ipv4Address source = entry.GetSrc ();
      Ipv4Address destination = entry.GetDst ();

      Ptr<Packet> dsrP = entry.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
      Ptr<Packet> p = dsrP->Copy ();
      Ptr<Packet> packet = dsrP->Copy ();
      DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
      dsrP->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);          // Remove the dsr header in whole
      uint32_t offset = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();
      p->RemoveAtStart (offset);

      // Get the number of routers' address field
      uint8_t buf[2];
      p->CopyData (buf, sizeof(buf));
      uint8_t numberAddress = (buf[1] - 2) / 4;
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The number of addresses " << (uint32_t)numberAddress);
      DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
      sourceRoute.SetNumberAddress (numberAddress);
      p->RemoveHeader (sourceRoute);
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = sourceRoute.GetNodesAddress ();
      uint8_t salvage = sourceRoute.GetSalvage ();
      Ipv4Address address1 = nodeList[1];
      PrintVector (nodeList);

      /*
       * If the salvage is not 0, use the first address in the route as the error dst in error header
       * otherwise use the source of packet as the error destination
       */
      Ipv4Address errorDst;
      if (salvage)
        {
          errorDst = address1;
        }
      else
        {
          errorDst = source;
        }
      if (std::find(previousErrorDst.begin(), previousErrorDst.end(), destination)==previousErrorDst.end())
      {
        NS_LOG_DEBUG ("have not seen this dst before " << errorDst << " in " << previousErrorDst.size());
        SendUnreachError (nextHop, errorDst, destination, salvage, protocol);
        previousErrorDst.push_back(errorDst);
      }

      /*
       * Cancel the packet timer and then salvage the data packet
       */

      CancelPacketAllTimer (entry);
      SalvagePacket (packet, source, destination, protocol);

      if (m_maintainBuffer.GetSize () && m_maintainBuffer.Find (nextHop))
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Cancel the packet timer for next maintenance entry");
          Simulator::Schedule (MilliSeconds (m_uniformRandomVariable->GetInteger (0,100)),
                               &DsrRouting::CancelPacketTimerNextHop,this,nextHop,protocol);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("Maintenance buffer entry not found");
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::SalvagePacket (Ptr<const Packet> packet, Ipv4Address source, Ipv4Address dst, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << dst << (uint32_t)protocol);
  // Create two copies of packet
  Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();
  Ptr<Packet> newPacket = packet->Copy ();
  // Remove the routing header in a whole to get a clean packet
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  p->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
  // Remove offset of dsr routing header
  uint8_t offset = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();
  newPacket->RemoveAtStart (offset);

  // Get the number of routers' address field
  uint8_t buf[2];
  newPacket->CopyData (buf, sizeof(buf));
  uint8_t numberAddress = (buf[1] - 2) / 4;

  DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
  sourceRoute.SetNumberAddress (numberAddress);
  newPacket->RemoveHeader (sourceRoute);
  uint8_t salvage = sourceRoute.GetSalvage ();
  /*
   * Look in the route cache for other routes for this destination
   */
  DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
  bool findRoute = m_routeCache->LookupRoute (dst, toDst);
  if (findRoute && (salvage < m_maxSalvageCount))
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("We have found a route for the packet");
      DsrRoutingHeader newDsrRoutingHeader;
      newDsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
      newDsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
      newDsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (source));
      newDsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (dst));

      std::vector<Ipv4Address> nodeList = toDst.GetVector ();     // Get the route from the route entry we found
      Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, nodeList);      // Get the next hop address for the route
      if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
        {
          PacketNewRoute (p, source, dst, protocol);
          return;
        }
      // Increase the salvage count by 1
      salvage++;
      DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
      sourceRoute.SetSalvage (salvage);
      sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (nodeList);     // Save the whole route in the source route header of the packet
      sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((nodeList.size () - 2));     // The segmentsLeft field will indicate the hops to go
      if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
        {
          m_routeCache->UseExtends (nodeList);
        }
      uint8_t length = sourceRoute.GetLength ();
      NS_LOG_INFO ("length of source route header " << (uint32_t)(sourceRoute.GetLength ()));
      newDsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
      newDsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
      p->AddHeader (newDsrRoutingHeader);

      SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
      m_ipv4Route->SetOutputDevice (dev);

      // Send out the data packet
      uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_DATA_PACKET);
      std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
      Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Will be inserting into priority queue " << dsrNetworkQueue << " number: " << priority);

      //m_downTarget (p, m_mainAddress, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), m_ipv4Route);

     DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (p, m_mainAddress, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), m_ipv4Route);

     if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
       {
         Scheduler (priority);
       }
     else
       {
         NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
       }

      /*
       * Mark the next hop address in blacklist
       */
//      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Save the next hop node in blacklist");
//      m_rreqTable->MarkLinkAsUnidirectional (nextHop, m_blacklistTimeout);
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Will not salvage this packet, silently drop");
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb,
                                     uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << (uint32_t) protocol);

  Ptr<Packet> p = mb.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
  Ipv4Address source = mb.GetSrc ();
  Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();

  // Send the data packet out before schedule the next packet transmission
  SendPacket (p, source, nextHop, protocol);

  LinkKey linkKey;
  linkKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  linkKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  linkKey.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
  linkKey.m_nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();

  if (m_linkAckTimer.find (linkKey) == m_linkAckTimer.end ())
    {
      Timer timer (Timer::CANCEL_ON_DESTROY);
      m_linkAckTimer[linkKey] = timer;
    }
  m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].SetFunction (&DsrRouting::LinkScheduleTimerExpire, this);
  m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].Remove ();
  m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].SetArguments (mb, protocol);
  m_linkAckTimer[linkKey].Schedule (m_linkAckTimeout);
}

void
DsrRouting::SchedulePassivePacketRetry (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb,
                                        uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << (uint32_t)protocol);

  Ptr<Packet> p = mb.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
  Ipv4Address source = mb.GetSrc ();
  Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();

  // Send the data packet out before schedule the next packet transmission
  SendPacket (p, source, nextHop, protocol);

  PassiveKey passiveKey;
  passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
  passiveKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  passiveKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  passiveKey.m_segsLeft = mb.GetSegsLeft ();

  if (m_passiveAckTimer.find (passiveKey) == m_passiveAckTimer.end ())
    {
      Timer timer (Timer::CANCEL_ON_DESTROY);
      m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey] = timer;
    }
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The passive acknowledgment option for data packet");
  m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].SetFunction (&DsrRouting::PassiveScheduleTimerExpire, this);
  m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].Remove ();
  m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].SetArguments (mb, protocol);
  m_passiveAckTimer[passiveKey].Schedule (m_passiveAckTimeout);
}

void
DsrRouting::ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb,
                                        bool isFirst,
                                        uint8_t protocol)
{
  Ptr<Packet> p = Create<Packet> ();
  Ptr<Packet> dsrP = Create<Packet> ();
  // The new entry will be used for retransmission
  NetworkKey networkKey;
  Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("is the first retry or not " << isFirst);
  if (isFirst)
    {
      // This is the very first network packet retry
      p = mb.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
      // Here we add the ack request header to the data packet for network acknowledgement
      uint16_t ackId = AddAckReqHeader (p, nextHop);

      Ipv4Address source = mb.GetSrc ();
      Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
      // Send the data packet out before schedule the next packet transmission
      SendPacket (p, source, nextHop, protocol);

      dsrP = p->Copy ();
      DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry = mb;
      // The function AllEqual will find the exact entry and delete it if found
      m_maintainBuffer.AllEqual (mb);
      newEntry.SetPacket (dsrP);
      newEntry.SetAckId (ackId);
      newEntry.SetExpireTime (m_maxMaintainTime);

      networkKey.m_ackId = newEntry.GetAckId ();
      networkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
      networkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();
      networkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
      networkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();

      m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
      if (! m_maintainBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry))
        {
          NS_LOG_ERROR ("Failed to enqueue packet retry");
        }

      if (m_addressForwardTimer.find (networkKey) == m_addressForwardTimer.end ())
        {
          Timer timer (Timer::CANCEL_ON_DESTROY);
          m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey] = timer;
        }

      // After m_tryPassiveAcks, schedule the packet retransmission using network acknowledgment option
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].SetFunction (&DsrRouting::NetworkScheduleTimerExpire, this);
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].Remove ();
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].SetArguments (newEntry, protocol);
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The packet retries time for " << newEntry.GetAckId () << " is " << m_sendRetries
                                                   << " and the delay time is " << Time (2 * m_nodeTraversalTime).GetSeconds ());
      // Back-off mechanism
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].Schedule (Time (2 * m_nodeTraversalTime));
    }
  else
    {
      networkKey.m_ackId = mb.GetAckId ();
      networkKey.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
      networkKey.m_nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
      networkKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
      networkKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
      /*
       * Here we have found the entry for send retries, so we get the value and increase it by one
       */
      m_sendRetries = m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey];
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The packet retry we have done " << m_sendRetries);

      p = mb.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
      dsrP = mb.GetPacket ()->Copy ();

      Ipv4Address source = mb.GetSrc ();
      Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
      // Send the data packet out before schedule the next packet transmission
      SendPacket (p, source, nextHop, protocol);

      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The packet with dsr header " << dsrP->GetSize ());
      networkKey.m_ackId = mb.GetAckId ();
      networkKey.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
      networkKey.m_nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
      networkKey.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
      networkKey.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
      /*
       *  If a data packet has been attempted SendRetries times at the maximum TTL without
       *  receiving any ACK, all data packets destined for the corresponding destination SHOULD be
       *  dropped from the send buffer
       *
       *  The maxMaintRexmt also needs to decrease one for the passive ack packet
       */
      /*
       * Check if the send retry time for a certain packet has already passed max maintenance retransmission
       * time or not
       */

      // After m_tryPassiveAcks, schedule the packet retransmission using network acknowledgment option
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].SetFunction (&DsrRouting::NetworkScheduleTimerExpire, this);
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].Remove ();
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].SetArguments (mb, protocol);
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The packet retries time for " << mb.GetAckId () << " is " << m_sendRetries
                                                   << " and the delay time is " << Time (2 * m_sendRetries *  m_nodeTraversalTime).GetSeconds ());
      // Back-off mechanism
      m_addressForwardTimer[networkKey].Schedule (Time (2 * m_sendRetries * m_nodeTraversalTime));
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::LinkScheduleTimerExpire  (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb,
                                      uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << (uint32_t)protocol);
  Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
  Ptr<const Packet> packet = mb.GetPacket ();
  SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
  Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();

  LinkKey lk;
  lk.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  lk.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  lk.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
  lk.m_nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();

  // Cancel passive ack timer
  m_linkAckTimer[lk].Cancel ();
  m_linkAckTimer[lk].Remove ();
  if (m_linkAckTimer[lk].IsRunning ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Timer not canceled");
    }
  m_linkAckTimer.erase (lk);

  // Increase the send retry times
  m_linkRetries = m_linkCnt[lk];
  if (m_linkRetries < m_tryLinkAcks)
    {
      m_linkCnt[lk] = ++m_linkRetries;
      ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (mb, protocol);
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("We need to send error messages now");

      // Delete all the routes including the links
      m_routeCache->DeleteAllRoutesIncludeLink (m_mainAddress, nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      /*
       * here we cancel the packet retransmission time for all the packets have next hop address as nextHop
       * Also salvage the packet for the all the packet destined for the nextHop address
       * this is also responsible for send unreachable error back to source
       */
      CancelPacketTimerNextHop (nextHop, protocol);
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::PassiveScheduleTimerExpire  (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb,
                                         uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << (uint32_t)protocol);
  Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
  Ptr<const Packet> packet = mb.GetPacket ();
  SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
  Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();

  PassiveKey pk;
  pk.m_ackId = 0;
  pk.m_source = mb.GetSrc ();
  pk.m_destination = mb.GetDst ();
  pk.m_segsLeft = mb.GetSegsLeft ();

  // Cancel passive ack timer
  m_passiveAckTimer[pk].Cancel ();
  m_passiveAckTimer[pk].Remove ();
  if (m_passiveAckTimer[pk].IsRunning ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Timer not canceled");
    }
  m_passiveAckTimer.erase (pk);

  // Increase the send retry times
  m_passiveRetries = m_passiveCnt[pk];
  if (m_passiveRetries < m_tryPassiveAcks)
    {
      m_passiveCnt[pk] = ++m_passiveRetries;
      SchedulePassivePacketRetry (mb, protocol);
    }
  else
    {
      // This is the first network acknowledgement retry
      // Cancel the passive packet timer now and remove maintenance buffer entry for it
      CancelPassivePacketTimer (mb);
      ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (mb, true, protocol);
    }
}

int64_t
DsrRouting::AssignStreams (int64_t stream)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << stream);
  m_uniformRandomVariable->SetStream (stream);
  return 1;
}

void
DsrRouting::NetworkScheduleTimerExpire  (DsrMaintainBuffEntry & mb,
                                         uint8_t protocol)
{
  Ptr<Packet> p = mb.GetPacket ()->Copy ();
  Ipv4Address source = mb.GetSrc ();
  Ipv4Address nextHop = mb.GetNextHop ();
  Ipv4Address dst = mb.GetDst ();

  NetworkKey networkKey;
  networkKey.m_ackId = mb.GetAckId ();
  networkKey.m_ourAdd = mb.GetOurAdd ();
  networkKey.m_nextHop = nextHop;
  networkKey.m_source = source;
  networkKey.m_destination = dst;

  // Increase the send retry times
  m_sendRetries = m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey];

  if (m_sendRetries >= m_maxMaintRexmt)
    {
      // Delete all the routes including the links
      m_routeCache->DeleteAllRoutesIncludeLink (m_mainAddress, nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      /*
       * here we cancel the packet retransmission time for all the packets have next hop address as nextHop
       * Also salvage the packet for the all the packet destined for the nextHop address
       */
      CancelPacketTimerNextHop (nextHop, protocol);
    }
  else
    {
      m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = ++m_sendRetries;
      ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (mb, false, protocol);
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::ForwardPacket (Ptr<const Packet> packet,
                           DsrOptionSRHeader &sourceRoute,
                           Ipv4Header const& ipv4Header,
                           Ipv4Address source,
                           Ipv4Address nextHop,
                           Ipv4Address targetAddress,
                           uint8_t protocol,
                           Ptr<Ipv4Route> route)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << sourceRoute << source << nextHop << targetAddress << (uint32_t)protocol << route);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");

  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (2);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (source));
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (targetAddress));

  // We get the salvage value in sourceRoute header and set it to route error header if triggered error
  Ptr<Packet> p = packet->Copy ();
  uint8_t length = sourceRoute.GetLength ();
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (sourceRoute);
  p->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);

  Ptr<const Packet> mtP = p->Copy ();

  DsrMaintainBuffEntry newEntry (/*Packet=*/ mtP, /*ourAddress=*/ m_mainAddress, /*nextHop=*/ nextHop,
                              /*source=*/ source, /*destination=*/ targetAddress, /*ackId=*/ m_ackId,
                              /*SegsLeft=*/ sourceRoute.GetSegmentsLeft (), /*expire time=*/ m_maxMaintainTime);
  bool result = m_maintainBuffer.Enqueue (newEntry);

  if (result)
    {
      NetworkKey networkKey;
      networkKey.m_ackId = newEntry.GetAckId ();
      networkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
      networkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();
      networkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
      networkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();

      PassiveKey passiveKey;
      passiveKey.m_ackId = 0;
      passiveKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
      passiveKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
      passiveKey.m_segsLeft = newEntry.GetSegsLeft ();

      LinkKey linkKey;
      linkKey.m_source = newEntry.GetSrc ();
      linkKey.m_destination = newEntry.GetDst ();
      linkKey.m_ourAdd = newEntry.GetOurAdd ();
      linkKey.m_nextHop = newEntry.GetNextHop ();

      m_addressForwardCnt[networkKey] = 0;
      m_passiveCnt[passiveKey] = 0;
      m_linkCnt[linkKey] = 0;

      if (m_linkAck)
        {
          ScheduleLinkPacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
        }
      else
        {
          NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Not using link acknowledgment");
          if (nextHop != targetAddress)
            {
              SchedulePassivePacketRetry (newEntry, protocol);
            }
          else
            {
              // This is the first network retry
              ScheduleNetworkPacketRetry (newEntry, true, protocol);
            }
        }
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::SendInitialRequest (Ipv4Address source,
                                Ipv4Address destination,
                                uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << source << destination << (uint32_t)protocol);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");
  Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> ();
  // Create an empty Ipv4 route ptr
  Ptr<Ipv4Route> route;
  /*
   * Construct the route request option header
   */
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (source));
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (255);

  DsrOptionRreqHeader rreqHeader;                                  // has an alignment of 4n+0
  rreqHeader.AddNodeAddress (m_mainAddress);                       // Add our own address in the header
  rreqHeader.SetTarget (destination);
  m_requestId = m_rreqTable->CheckUniqueRreqId (destination);      // Check the Id cache for duplicate ones
  rreqHeader.SetId (m_requestId);

  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rreqHeader);                      // Add the rreqHeader to the dsr extension header
  uint8_t length = rreqHeader.GetLength ();
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
  packet->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);

  // Schedule the route requests retry with non-propagation set true
  bool nonProp = true;
  std::vector<Ipv4Address> address;
  address.push_back (source);
  address.push_back (destination);
  /*
   * Add the socket ip ttl tag to the packet to limit the scope of route requests
   */
  SocketIpTtlTag tag;
  tag.SetTtl (0);
  Ptr<Packet> nonPropPacket = packet->Copy ();
  nonPropPacket->AddPacketTag (tag);
  // Increase the request count
  m_rreqTable->FindAndUpdate (destination);
  SendRequest (nonPropPacket, source);
  // Schedule the next route request
  ScheduleRreqRetry (packet, address, nonProp, m_requestId, protocol);
}

void
DsrRouting::SendErrorRequest (DsrOptionRerrUnreachHeader &rerr, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << (uint32_t)protocol);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");
  uint8_t salvage = rerr.GetSalvage ();
  Ipv4Address dst = rerr.GetOriginalDst ();
  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("our own address here " << m_mainAddress << " error source " << rerr.GetErrorSrc () << " error destination " << rerr.GetErrorDst ()
                                        << " error next hop " << rerr.GetUnreachNode () << " original dst " << rerr.GetOriginalDst ()
                );
  DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
  if (m_routeCache->LookupRoute (dst, toDst))
    {
      /*
       * Found a route the dst, construct the source route option header
       */
      DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> ip = toDst.GetVector ();
      sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (ip);
      if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
        {
          m_routeCache->UseExtends (ip);
        }
      sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((ip.size () - 2));
      sourceRoute.SetSalvage (salvage);
      Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, ip);       // Get the next hop address
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The nextHop address " << nextHop);
      Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> ();
      if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
        {
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Error next hop address");
          PacketNewRoute (packet, m_mainAddress, dst, protocol);
          return;
        }
      SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      CancelRreqTimer (dst, true);
      if (m_sendBuffer.GetSize () != 0 && m_sendBuffer.Find (dst))
        {
          SendPacketFromBuffer (sourceRoute, nextHop, protocol);
        }
      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Route to " << dst << " found");
      return;
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("No route found, initiate route error request");
      Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> ();
      Ipv4Address originalDst = rerr.GetOriginalDst ();
      // Create an empty route ptr
      Ptr<Ipv4Route> route = 0;
      /*
       * Construct the route request option header
       */
      DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (m_mainAddress));
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (255);

      Ptr<Packet> dstP = Create<Packet> ();
      DsrOptionRreqHeader rreqHeader;                                // has an alignment of 4n+0
      rreqHeader.AddNodeAddress (m_mainAddress);                     // Add our own address in the header
      rreqHeader.SetTarget (originalDst);
      m_requestId = m_rreqTable->CheckUniqueRreqId (originalDst);       // Check the Id cache for duplicate ones
      rreqHeader.SetId (m_requestId);

      dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rreqHeader);         // Add the rreqHeader to the dsr extension header
      dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rerr);
      uint8_t length = rreqHeader.GetLength () + rerr.GetLength ();
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 4);
      dstP->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
      // Schedule the route requests retry, propagate the route request message as it contains error
      bool nonProp = false;
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> address;
      address.push_back (m_mainAddress);
      address.push_back (originalDst);
      /*
       * Add the socket ip ttl tag to the packet to limit the scope of route requests
       */
      SocketIpTtlTag tag;
      tag.SetTtl ((uint8_t)m_discoveryHopLimit);
      Ptr<Packet> propPacket = dstP->Copy ();
      propPacket->AddPacketTag (tag);

      if ((m_addressReqTimer.find (originalDst) == m_addressReqTimer.end ()) && (m_nonPropReqTimer.find (originalDst) == m_nonPropReqTimer.end ()))
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Only when there is no existing route request time when the initial route request is scheduled");
          SendRequest (propPacket, m_mainAddress);
          ScheduleRreqRetry (dstP, address, nonProp, m_requestId, protocol);
        }
      else
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("There is existing route request, find the existing route request entry");
          /*
           * Cancel the route request timer first before scheduling the route request
           * in this case, we do not want to remove the route request entry, so the isRemove value is false
           */
          CancelRreqTimer (originalDst, false);
          ScheduleRreqRetry (dstP, address, nonProp, m_requestId, protocol);
        }
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::CancelRreqTimer (Ipv4Address dst, bool isRemove)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << dst << isRemove);
  // Cancel the non propagation request timer if found
  if (m_nonPropReqTimer.find (dst) == m_nonPropReqTimer.end ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Did not find the non-propagation timer");
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("did find the non-propagation timer");
    }
  m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].Cancel ();
  m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].Remove ();

  if (m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].IsRunning ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Timer not canceled");
    }
  m_nonPropReqTimer.erase (dst);

  // Cancel the address request timer if found
  if (m_addressReqTimer.find (dst) == m_addressReqTimer.end ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Did not find the propagation timer");
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("did find the propagation timer");
    }
  m_addressReqTimer[dst].Cancel ();
  m_addressReqTimer[dst].Remove ();
  if (m_addressReqTimer[dst].IsRunning ())
    {
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Timer not canceled");
    }
  m_addressReqTimer.erase (dst);
  /*
   * If the route request is scheduled to remove the route request entry
   * Remove the route request entry with the route retry times done for certain destination
   */
  if (isRemove)
    {
      // remove the route request entry from route request table
      m_rreqTable->RemoveRreqEntry (dst);
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::ScheduleRreqRetry (Ptr<Packet> packet, std::vector<Ipv4Address> address, bool nonProp, uint32_t requestId, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << nonProp << requestId << (uint32_t)protocol);
  Ipv4Address source = address[0];
  Ipv4Address dst = address[1];
  if (nonProp)
    {
      // The nonProp route request is only sent out only and is already used
      if (m_nonPropReqTimer.find (dst) == m_nonPropReqTimer.end ())
        {
          Timer timer (Timer::CANCEL_ON_DESTROY);
          m_nonPropReqTimer[dst] = timer;
        }
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> address;
      address.push_back (source);
      address.push_back (dst);
      m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].SetFunction (&DsrRouting::RouteRequestTimerExpire, this);
      m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].Remove ();
      m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].SetArguments (packet, address, requestId, protocol);
      m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].Schedule (m_nonpropRequestTimeout);
    }
  else
    {
      // Cancel the non propagation request timer if found
      m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].Cancel ();
      m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].Remove ();
      if (m_nonPropReqTimer[dst].IsRunning ())
        {
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Timer not canceled");
        }
      m_nonPropReqTimer.erase (dst);

      if (m_addressReqTimer.find (dst) == m_addressReqTimer.end ())
        {
          Timer timer (Timer::CANCEL_ON_DESTROY);
          m_addressReqTimer[dst] = timer;
        }
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> address;
      address.push_back (source);
      address.push_back (dst);
      m_addressReqTimer[dst].SetFunction (&DsrRouting::RouteRequestTimerExpire, this);
      m_addressReqTimer[dst].Remove ();
      m_addressReqTimer[dst].SetArguments (packet, address, requestId, protocol);
      Time rreqDelay;
      // back off mechanism for sending route requests
      if (m_rreqTable->GetRreqCnt (dst))
        {
          // When the route request count is larger than 0
          // This is the exponential back-off mechanism for route request
          rreqDelay = Time (std::pow (static_cast<double> (m_rreqTable->GetRreqCnt (dst)), 2.0) * m_requestPeriod);
        }
      else
        {
          // This is the first route request retry
          rreqDelay = m_requestPeriod;
        }
      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Request count for " << dst << " " << m_rreqTable->GetRreqCnt (dst) << " with delay time " << rreqDelay.GetSeconds () << " second");
      if (rreqDelay > m_maxRequestPeriod)
        {
          // use the max request period
          NS_LOG_LOGIC ("The max request delay time " << m_maxRequestPeriod.GetSeconds ());
          m_addressReqTimer[dst].Schedule (m_maxRequestPeriod);
        }
      else
        {
          NS_LOG_LOGIC ("The request delay time " << rreqDelay.GetSeconds () << " second");
          m_addressReqTimer[dst].Schedule (rreqDelay);
        }
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::RouteRequestTimerExpire (Ptr<Packet> packet, std::vector<Ipv4Address> address, uint32_t requestId, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << requestId << (uint32_t)protocol);
  // Get a clean packet without dsr header
  Ptr<Packet> dsrP = packet->Copy ();
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrP->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);          // Remove the dsr header in whole

  Ipv4Address source = address[0];
  Ipv4Address dst = address[1];
  DsrRouteCacheEntry toDst;
  if (m_routeCache->LookupRoute (dst, toDst))
    {
      /*
       * Found a route the dst, construct the source route option header
       */
      DsrOptionSRHeader sourceRoute;
      std::vector<Ipv4Address> ip = toDst.GetVector ();
      sourceRoute.SetNodesAddress (ip);
      // When we found the route and use it, UseExtends for the link cache
      if (m_routeCache->IsLinkCache ())
        {
          m_routeCache->UseExtends (ip);
        }
      sourceRoute.SetSegmentsLeft ((ip.size () - 2));
      sourceRoute.SetSalvage (0);
      Ipv4Address nextHop = SearchNextHop (m_mainAddress, ip);       // Get the next hop address
      NS_LOG_INFO ("The nextHop address is " << nextHop);
      if (nextHop == "0.0.0.0")
        {
          NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Error next hop address");
          PacketNewRoute (dsrP, source, dst, protocol);
          return;
        }
      SetRoute (nextHop, m_mainAddress);
      CancelRreqTimer (dst, true);
      if (m_sendBuffer.GetSize () != 0 && m_sendBuffer.Find (dst))
        {
          SendPacketFromBuffer (sourceRoute, nextHop, protocol);
        }
      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Route to " << dst << " found");
      return;
    }
  /*
   *  If a route discovery has been attempted m_rreqRetries times at the maximum TTL without
   *  receiving any RREP, all data packets destined for the corresponding destination SHOULD be
   *  dropped from the buffer and a Destination Unreachable message SHOULD be delivered to the application.
   */
  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("The new request count for " << dst << " is " << m_rreqTable->GetRreqCnt (dst) << " the max " << m_rreqRetries);
  if (m_rreqTable->GetRreqCnt (dst) >= m_rreqRetries)
    {
      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Route discovery to " << dst << " has been attempted " << m_rreqRetries << " times");
      CancelRreqTimer (dst, true);
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Route not found. Drop packet with dst " << dst);
      m_sendBuffer.DropPacketWithDst (dst);
    }
  else
    {
      SocketIpTtlTag tag;
      tag.SetTtl ((uint8_t)m_discoveryHopLimit);
      Ptr<Packet> propPacket = packet->Copy ();
      propPacket->AddPacketTag (tag);
      // Increase the request count
      m_rreqTable->FindAndUpdate (dst);
      SendRequest (propPacket, source);
      NS_LOG_DEBUG ("Check the route request entry " << source << " " << dst);
      ScheduleRreqRetry (packet, address, false, requestId, protocol);
    }
  return;
}

void
DsrRouting::SendRequest (Ptr<Packet> packet,
                         Ipv4Address source)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source);

  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");
  /*
   * The destination address here is directed broadcast address
   */
  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET);
  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Inserting into priority queue number: " << priority);

  //m_downTarget (packet, source, m_broadcast, GetProtocolNumber (), 0);

 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (packet, source, m_broadcast, Simulator::Now (), 0);
 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
   {
     Scheduler (priority);
   }
 else
   {
     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
   }
}

void
DsrRouting::ScheduleInterRequest (Ptr<Packet> packet)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet);
  /*
   * This is a forwarding case when sending route requests, a random delay time [0, m_broadcastJitter]
   * used before forwarding as link-layer broadcast
   */
  Simulator::Schedule (MilliSeconds (m_uniformRandomVariable->GetInteger (0, m_broadcastJitter)), &DsrRouting::SendRequest, this,
                       packet, m_mainAddress);
}

void
DsrRouting::SendGratuitousReply (Ipv4Address source, Ipv4Address srcAddress, std::vector<Ipv4Address> &nodeList, uint8_t protocol)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << source << srcAddress << (uint32_t)protocol);
  if (!(m_graReply.FindAndUpdate (source, srcAddress, m_gratReplyHoldoff)))     // Find the gratuitous reply entry
    {
      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Update gratuitous reply " << source);
      GraReplyEntry graReplyEntry (source, srcAddress, m_gratReplyHoldoff + Simulator::Now ());
      m_graReply.AddEntry (graReplyEntry);
      /*
       * Automatic route shortening
       */
      m_finalRoute.clear ();      // Clear the final route vector
      std::vector<Ipv4Address>::iterator before = find (nodeList.begin (), nodeList.end (), srcAddress);
      for (std::vector<Ipv4Address>::iterator i = nodeList.begin (); i != before; ++i)
        {
          m_finalRoute.push_back (*i);
        }
      m_finalRoute.push_back (srcAddress);
      std::vector<Ipv4Address>::iterator after = find (nodeList.begin (), nodeList.end (), m_mainAddress);
      for (std::vector<Ipv4Address>::iterator j = after; j != nodeList.end (); ++j)
        {
          m_finalRoute.push_back (*j);
        }
      DsrOptionRrepHeader rrep;
      rrep.SetNodesAddress (m_finalRoute);           // Set the node addresses in the route reply header
      // Get the real reply source and destination
      Ipv4Address replySrc = m_finalRoute.back ();
      Ipv4Address replyDst = m_finalRoute.front ();
      /*
       * Set the route and use it in send back route reply
       */
      m_ipv4Route = SetRoute (srcAddress, m_mainAddress);
      /*
       * This part adds DSR header to the packet and send reply
       */
      DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (replySrc));
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (replyDst));

      uint8_t length = rrep.GetLength ();        // Get the length of the rrep header excluding the type header
      dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
      dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (rrep);
      Ptr<Packet> newPacket = Create<Packet> ();
      newPacket->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
      /*
       * Send gratuitous reply
       */
      NS_LOG_INFO ("Send back gratuitous route reply");
      SendReply (newPacket, m_mainAddress, srcAddress, m_ipv4Route);
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("The same gratuitous route reply has already sent");
    }
}

void
DsrRouting::SendReply (Ptr<Packet> packet,
                       Ipv4Address source,
                       Ipv4Address nextHop,
                       Ptr<Ipv4Route> route)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << nextHop);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");

  Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ipv4->GetNetDevice (m_ipv4->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
  route->SetOutputDevice (dev);
  NS_LOG_INFO ("The output device " << dev << " packet is: " << *packet);

  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET);
  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;
  NS_LOG_INFO ("Inserting into priority queue number: " << priority);

  //m_downTarget (packet, source, nextHop, GetProtocolNumber (), route);

 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (packet, source, nextHop, Simulator::Now (), route);
 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
   {
     Scheduler (priority);
   }
 else
   {
     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
   }
}

void
DsrRouting::ScheduleInitialReply (Ptr<Packet> packet,
                                  Ipv4Address source,
                                  Ipv4Address nextHop,
                                  Ptr<Ipv4Route> route)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << nextHop);
  Simulator::ScheduleNow (&DsrRouting::SendReply, this,
                          packet, source, nextHop, route);
}

void
DsrRouting::ScheduleCachedReply (Ptr<Packet> packet,
                                 Ipv4Address source,
                                 Ipv4Address destination,
                                 Ptr<Ipv4Route> route,
                                 double hops)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << packet << source << destination);
  Simulator::Schedule (Time (2 * m_nodeTraversalTime * (hops - 1 + m_uniformRandomVariable->GetValue (0,1))), &DsrRouting::SendReply, this, packet, source, destination, route);
}

void
DsrRouting::SendAck   (uint16_t ackId,
                       Ipv4Address destination,
                       Ipv4Address realSrc,
                       Ipv4Address realDst,
                       uint8_t protocol,
                       Ptr<Ipv4Route> route)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << ackId << destination << realSrc << realDst << (uint32_t)protocol << route);
  NS_ASSERT_MSG (!m_downTarget.IsNull (), "Error, DsrRouting cannot send downward");

  // This is a route reply option header
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetNextHeader (protocol);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetMessageType (1);
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetSourceId (GetIDfromIP (m_mainAddress));
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetDestId (GetIDfromIP (destination));

  DsrOptionAckHeader ack;
  /*
   * Set the ack Id and set the ack source address and destination address
   */
  ack.SetAckId (ackId);
  ack.SetRealSrc (realSrc);
  ack.SetRealDst (realDst);

  uint8_t length = ack.GetLength ();
  dsrRoutingHeader.SetPayloadLength (uint16_t (length) + 2);
  dsrRoutingHeader.AddDsrOption (ack);

  Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> ();
  packet->AddHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);
  Ptr<NetDevice> dev = m_ip->GetNetDevice (m_ip->GetInterfaceForAddress (m_mainAddress));
  route->SetOutputDevice (dev);

  uint32_t priority = GetPriority (DSR_CONTROL_PACKET);
  std::map<uint32_t, Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> >::iterator i = m_priorityQueue.find (priority);
  Ptr<dsr::DsrNetworkQueue> dsrNetworkQueue = i->second;

  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Will be inserting into priority queue " << dsrNetworkQueue << " number: " << priority);

  //m_downTarget (packet, m_mainAddress, destination, GetProtocolNumber (), route);

 DsrNetworkQueueEntry newEntry (packet, m_mainAddress, destination, Simulator::Now (), route);
 if (dsrNetworkQueue->Enqueue (newEntry))
   {
     Scheduler (priority);
   }
 else
   {
     NS_LOG_INFO ("Packet dropped as dsr network queue is full");
   }
}

enum IpL4Protocol::RxStatus
DsrRouting::Receive (Ptr<Packet> p,
                     Ipv4Header const &ip,
                     Ptr<Ipv4Interface> incomingInterface)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << p << ip << incomingInterface);

  NS_LOG_INFO ("Our own IP address " << m_mainAddress << " The incoming interface address " << incomingInterface);
  m_node = GetNode ();                        // Get the node
  Ptr<Packet> packet = p->Copy ();            // Save a copy of the received packet
  /*
   * When forwarding or local deliver packets, this one should be used always!!
   */
  DsrRoutingHeader dsrRoutingHeader;
  packet->RemoveHeader (dsrRoutingHeader);          // Remove the DSR header in whole
  Ptr<Packet> copy = packet->Copy ();

  uint8_t protocol = dsrRoutingHeader.GetNextHeader ();
  uint32_t sourceId = dsrRoutingHeader.GetSourceId ();
  Ipv4Address source = GetIPfromID (sourceId);
  NS_LOG_INFO ("The source address " << source << " with source id " << sourceId);
  /*
   * Get the IP source and destination address
   */
  Ipv4Address src = ip.GetSource ();

  bool isPromisc = false;
  uint32_t offset = dsrRoutingHeader.GetDsrOptionsOffset ();        // Get the offset for option header, 8 bytes in this case

  // This packet is used to peek option type
  p->RemoveAtStart (offset);

  Ptr<dsr::DsrOptions> dsrOption;
  DsrOptionHeader dsrOptionHeader;
  /*
   * Peek data to get the option type as well as length and segmentsLeft field
   */
  uint32_t size = p->GetSize ();
  uint8_t *data = new uint8_t[size];
  p->CopyData (data, size);

  uint8_t optionType = 0;
  uint8_t optionLength = 0;
  uint8_t segmentsLeft = 0;

  optionType = *(data);
  NS_LOG_LOGIC ("The option type value " << (uint32_t)optionType << " with packet id " << p->GetUid());
  dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);       // Get the relative dsr option and demux to the process function
  Ipv4Address promiscSource;      
  if (optionType == 1)        // This is the request option
    {
      BlackList *blackList = m_rreqTable->FindUnidirectional (src);
      if (blackList)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Discard this packet due to unidirectional link");
          m_dropTrace (p);
        }

      dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);
      optionLength = dsrOption->Process (p, packet, m_mainAddress, source, ip, protocol, isPromisc, promiscSource);

      if (optionLength == 0)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Discard this packet");
          m_dropTrace (p);
        }
    }
  else if (optionType == 2)
    {
      dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);
      optionLength = dsrOption->Process (p, packet, m_mainAddress, source, ip, protocol, isPromisc, promiscSource);

      if (optionLength == 0)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Discard this packet");
          m_dropTrace (p);
        }
    }

  else if (optionType == 32)       // This is the ACK option
    {
      NS_LOG_INFO ("This is the ack option");
      dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);
      optionLength = dsrOption->Process (p, packet, m_mainAddress, source, ip, protocol, isPromisc, promiscSource);

      if (optionLength == 0)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Discard this packet");
          m_dropTrace (p);
        }
    }

  else if (optionType == 3)       // This is a route error header
    {
      // populate this route error
      NS_LOG_INFO ("The option type value " << (uint32_t)optionType);

      dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);
      optionLength = dsrOption->Process (p, packet, m_mainAddress, source, ip, protocol, isPromisc, promiscSource);

      if (optionLength == 0)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Discard this packet");
          m_dropTrace (p);
        }
      NS_LOG_INFO ("The option Length " << (uint32_t)optionLength);
    }

  else if (optionType == 96)       // This is the source route option
    {
      dsrOption = GetOption (optionType);
      optionLength = dsrOption->Process (p, packet, m_mainAddress, source, ip, protocol, isPromisc, promiscSource);
      segmentsLeft = *(data + 3);
      if (optionLength == 0)
        {
          NS_LOG_INFO ("Discard this packet");
          m_dropTrace (p);
        }
      else
        {
          if (segmentsLeft == 0)
            {
              // / Get the next header
              uint8_t nextHeader = dsrRoutingHeader.GetNextHeader ();
              Ptr<Ipv4L3Protocol> l3proto = m_node->GetObject<Ipv4L3Protocol> ();
              Ptr<IpL4Protocol> nextProto = l3proto->GetProtocol (nextHeader);
              if (nextProto != 0)
                {
                  // we need to make a copy in the unlikely event we hit the
                  // RX_ENDPOINT_UNREACH code path
                  // Here we can use the packet that has been get off whole DSR header
                  enum IpL4Protocol::RxStatus status =
                    nextProto->Receive (copy, ip, incomingInterface);
                  NS_LOG_DEBUG ("The receive status " << status);
                  switch (status)
                    {
                    case IpL4Protocol::RX_OK:
                    // fall through
                    case IpL4Protocol::RX_ENDPOINT_CLOSED:
                    // fall through
                    case IpL4Protocol::RX_CSUM_FAILED:
                      break;
                    case IpL4Protocol::RX_ENDPOINT_UNREACH:
                      if (ip.GetDestination ().IsBroadcast () == true
                          || ip.GetDestination ().IsMulticast () == true)
                        {
                          break;       // Do not reply to broadcast or multicast
                        }
                      // Another case to suppress ICMP is a subnet-directed broadcast
                    }
                  return status;
                }
              else
                {
                  NS_FATAL_ERROR ("Should not have 0 next protocol value");
                }
            }
          else
            {
              NS_LOG_INFO ("This is not the final destination, the packet has already been forward to next hop");
            }
        }
    }
  else
    {
      NS_LOG_LOGIC ("Unknown Option. Drop!");
      /*
       * Initialize the salvage value to 0
       */
      uint8_t salvage = 0;

      DsrOptionRerrUnsupportHeader rerrUnsupportHeader;
      rerrUnsupportHeader.SetErrorType (3);               // The error type 3 means Option not supported
      rerrUnsupportHeader.SetErrorSrc (m_mainAddress);       // The error source address is our own address
      rerrUnsupportHeader.SetUnsupported (optionType);       // The unsupported option type number
      rerrUnsupportHeader.SetErrorDst (src);              // Error destination address is the destination of the data packet
      rerrUnsupportHeader.SetSalvage (salvage);           // Set the value about whether to salvage a packet or not

      /*
       * The unknow option error is not supported currently in this implementation, and it's also not likely to
       * happen in simulations
       */
//            SendError (rerrUnsupportHeader, 0, protocol); // Send the error packet
    }
  return IpL4Protocol::RX_OK;
}

enum IpL4Protocol::RxStatus
DsrRouting::Receive (Ptr<Packet> p,
                     Ipv6Header const &ip,
                     Ptr<Ipv6Interface> incomingInterface)
{
  NS_LOG_FUNCTION (this << p << ip.GetSourceAddress () << ip.GetDestinationAddress () << incomingInterface);
  return IpL4Protocol::RX_ENDPOINT_UNREACH;
}

void
DsrRouting::SetDownTarget (DownTargetCallback callback)
{
  m_downTarget = callback;
}

void
DsrRouting::SetDownTarget6 (DownTargetCallback6 callback)
{
  NS_FATAL_ERROR ("Unimplemented");
}


IpL4Protocol::DownTargetCallback
DsrRouting::GetDownTarget (void) const
{
  return m_downTarget;
}

IpL4Protocol::DownTargetCallback6
DsrRouting::GetDownTarget6 (void) const
{
  NS_FATAL_ERROR ("Unimplemented");
  return MakeNullCallback<void,Ptr<Packet>, Ipv6Address, Ipv6Address, uint8_t, Ptr<Ipv6Route> > ();
}

void DsrRouting::Insert (Ptr<dsr::DsrOptions> option)
{
  m_options.push_back (option);
}

Ptr<dsr::DsrOptions> DsrRouting::GetOption (int optionNumber)
{
  for (DsrOptionList_t::iterator i = m_options.begin (); i != m_options.end (); ++i)
    {
      if ((*i)->GetOptionNumber () == optionNumber)
        {
          return *i;
        }
    }
  return 0;
}
}  /* namespace dsr */
}  /* namespace ns3 */